diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index ffff840..0c6c822 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 build/
 .vscode/
 
+__pycache__/
+/build
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
index 6675e20..adf0bfd 100644
--- a/.gitmodules
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -22,3 +22,6 @@
 [submodule "workloads/linux/kvmtool/source/dtc"]
 	path = workloads/linux/kvmtool/source/dtc
 	url = https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
+[submodule "workloads/linux/gapbs/source"]
+	path = workloads/linux/gapbs/source
+	url = https://github.com/sbeamer/gapbs.git
diff --git a/workloads/linux/gapbs/README.md b/workloads/linux/gapbs/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0343096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workloads/linux/gapbs/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# GAPBS Linux Workloads
+
+NEMU SimPoint checkpoint images for the
+[GAP Benchmark Suite](https://github.com/sbeamer/gapbs). Each workload is one
+`kernel × graph` pair: a static, single-threaded GAPBS kernel that loads a
+pre-serialized reference graph and runs a single trial. There are 18 cases —
+the cartesian product of six kernels and three graphs.
+
+| kernel | graph file    | arguments |
+|--------|---------------|-----------|
+| bfs    | `<graph>.sg`  | `-n 1` |
+| sssp   | `<graph>.wsg` | `-d <delta> -n 1` (road `50000`; twitter/web `2`) |
+| pr     | `<graph>.sg`  | `-i 1000 -t 1e-4 -n 1` |
+| cc     | `<graph>.sg`  | `-n 1` |
+| bc     | `<graph>.sg`  | `-i 1 -n 1` |
+| tc     | `<graph>U.sg` | `-n 1` |
+
+Graphs: `road`, `twitter`, `web`. Cases are named `<kernel>_<graph>`
+(e.g. `bfs_road`, `sssp_web`).
+
+## Building
+
+```sh
+make gapbs-list                       # list the 18 case names
+make linux/gapbs-bfs_road -jN         # build one case
+make gapbs-images -jN                 # build all 18 images
+```
+
+Images are written to `build/images/gapbs/bin/<case>.fw_payload.bin`.
+
+## Graphs
+
+Kernels load a pre-serialized graph with `-f`, so graph construction is not
+part of the profiled region. The serialized files are read from
+`GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR`:
+
+```sh
+make gapbs-images GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR=/path/to/serialized -jN
+```
+
+Convert the reference graphs once with the GAPBS `converter` (in `source/`):
+`.sg` is used by bfs/pr/cc/bc, `.wsg` (weighted) by sssp, and `U.sg`
+(symmetrized) by tc.
+
+## How large graphs are delivered (split + FIFO)
+
+Each serialized graph is bundled inside the initramfs. The Linux `newc` cpio
+format stores every file's size in a 32-bit field, so **no single file may be
+4 GiB or larger**. The twitter and web graphs are 9.5–30 GB and cannot be
+shipped as one file. They are delivered without modifying GAPBS:
+
+1. **Build time** — a graph at or above 4 GiB is split into ordered
+   sub-4-GiB parts (`split -d -b 3G`) under `/gapbs/parts/`. Smaller graphs
+   (all `road` cases) are bundled whole.
+2. **Run time** — the generated `run.sh` recreates the single stream GAPBS
+   expects through a **named FIFO** that carries the real `.sg`/`.wsg`/`U.sg`
+   suffix, streaming the parts into it in order and freeing each part as it is
+   consumed:
+
+   ```sh
+   mkfifo /gapbs/<graph>
+   ( for p in /gapbs/parts/<graph>.*; do cat "$p"; rm -f "$p"; done ) > /gapbs/<graph> &
+   /usr/bin/<kernel> -f /gapbs/<graph> <args>
+   ```
+
+GAPBS reads the FIFO exactly as it would a real file. This works because its
+serialized reader is strictly sequential — it reads the header, then each CSR
+array front-to-back, with no seek — so a forward-only pipe suffices. The
+suffix must ride on the FIFO *name* because GAPBS selects serialized mode from
+the filename extension. The split and stitch live entirely in the build
+packager and the generated `run.sh`; the GAPBS source is untouched.
+
+## Memory and device tree
+
+A graph of size *G* peaks at roughly *2 × G* during the initramfs boot-unpack:
+the cpio image and the unpacked rootfs coexist before the kernel frees the
+source. The largest weighted graphs (`web.wsg` 30 GB, `twitter.wsg` 23 GB)
+therefore need more than 64 GiB of guest RAM and are built against the
+`mem128g` device-tree profile; all other cases fit the default `mem64g`:
+
+```sh
+make linux/gapbs-sssp_web \
+  GAPBS_DEFAULT_DTB=xiangshan-fpga-noAIA-mem128g-novec \
+  GAPBS_DTB_MIN_MEMORY_BYTES=137438953472 -jN
+```
+
+NEMU must be built with `CONFIG_MSIZE` at least as large as the guest device
+tree declares. Total initramfs beyond 4 GiB relies on the 64-bit
+`linux,initrd-start/end` device-tree cells emitted by `build-firmware-linux.sh`.
+
+## Files
+
+- `gapbs-package.py` — lists cases; cross-compiles the kernel (static,
+  `SERIAL=1`); stages or splits the graph; writes `run.sh` + `inittab`.
+- `build.sh` — thin wrapper invoked per case by the build system.
+- `rules.mk` — generates the per-case build and image targets.
+- `source/` — the GAPBS submodule (kernels and `converter`).
diff --git a/workloads/linux/gapbs/build.sh b/workloads/linux/gapbs/build.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e8a154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workloads/linux/gapbs/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+: "${GAPBS_CASE:?GAPBS_CASE is required}"
+: "${CROSS_COMPILE:?CROSS_COMPILE is required}"
+: "${PKG_DIR:=$WORKLOAD_BUILD_DIR/package}"
+: "${GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR:=/nfs/share/manyang/gapbs-graphs/serialized}"
+
+python3 "$WORKLOAD_DIR/gapbs-package.py" \
+  --case "$GAPBS_CASE" \
+  --src-dir "$WORKLOAD_DIR/source" \
+  --graph-dir "$GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR" \
+  --pkg-dir "$PKG_DIR" \
+  --out-dir "$WORKLOAD_BUILD_DIR" \
+  --cross-compile "$CROSS_COMPILE"
diff --git a/workloads/linux/gapbs/gapbs-package.py b/workloads/linux/gapbs/gapbs-package.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2f31987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workloads/linux/gapbs/gapbs-package.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import argparse, os, shutil, subprocess, sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+KERNELS = ("bfs", "sssp", "pr", "cc", "bc", "tc")
+GRAPHS = ("road", "twitter", "web")
+
+# graph file suffix + per-kernel args by graph
+SUFFIX = {"bfs": ".sg", "pr": ".sg", "cc": ".sg", "bc": ".sg",
+          "sssp": ".wsg", "tc": "U.sg"}
+SSSP_DELTA = {"road": "50000", "twitter": "2", "web": "2"}
+
+# initramfs newc cpio caps each file at 4 GiB (2**32); split any graph at/above it.
+SPLIT_THRESHOLD = 4 * 1024**3
+PART_SIZE = "3G"   # each part is well under the 4 GiB cpio limit
+
+def kernel_args(kernel, graph):
+    if kernel == "bfs":  return ["-n", "1"]
+    if kernel == "cc":   return ["-n", "1"]
+    if kernel == "pr":   return ["-i", "1000", "-t", "1e-4", "-n", "1"]
+    if kernel == "bc":   return ["-i", "1", "-n", "1"]
+    if kernel == "sssp": return ["-d", SSSP_DELTA[graph], "-n", "1"]
+    if kernel == "tc":   return ["-n", "1"]
+    raise RuntimeError(f"unknown kernel {kernel}")
+
+def all_cases():
+    return [f"{k}_{g}" for g in GRAPHS for k in KERNELS]
+
+def parse_case(case):
+    kernel, graph = case.split("_", 1)
+    if kernel not in KERNELS or graph not in GRAPHS:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"unknown gapbs case {case!r}")
+    return kernel, graph
+
+def compile_kernel(src_dir, kernel, cross_compile, pkg_dir, log_dir):
+    log = log_dir / "build.log"
+    cxx = f"{cross_compile}g++ -static"
+    cmd = ["make", "-C", str(src_dir), "SERIAL=1", f"CXX={cxx}", kernel]
+    log_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with open(log, "w") as f:
+        r = subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=f, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, text=True)
+    if r.returncode != 0:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"kernel build failed; see {log}\n")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    dst = pkg_dir / "usr" / "bin" / kernel
+    dst.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    shutil.copy2(src_dir / kernel, dst)
+    dst.chmod(0o755)
+
+def stage_graph(graph_dir, graph, kernel, pkg_dir):
+    fname = f"{graph}{SUFFIX[kernel]}"
+    src = Path(graph_dir) / fname
+    if not src.is_file():
+        raise RuntimeError(f"missing graph file: {src}")
+    gdir = pkg_dir / "gapbs"
+    gdir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    guest_path = f"/gapbs/{fname}"
+    if src.stat().st_size < SPLIT_THRESHOLD:
+        shutil.copy2(src, gdir / fname)          # small graph: bundle whole
+        return guest_path, False
+    parts_dir = gdir / "parts"                    # large graph: split into parts
+    parts_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    # zero-padded numeric suffixes so a lexical glob concatenates them in order
+    subprocess.run(["split", "-d", "-a", "3", "-b", PART_SIZE,
+                    str(src), f"{fname}."], cwd=parts_dir, check=True)
+    return guest_path, True                        # guest path is a FIFO fed from parts
+
+def write_runtime(pkg_dir, case, kernel, graph_path, streamed, args):
+    cmd = " ".join(["/usr/bin/" + kernel, "-f", graph_path, *args])
+    lines = ["#!/bin/sh", "set -e",
+             f"echo '======== BEGIN {case} ========'", "date -R || true"]
+    if streamed:
+        # Rejoin sub-4-GiB parts into the single serialized stream GAPBS expects,
+        # through a named FIFO carrying the real .sg/.wsg suffix. GAPBS reads it
+        # strictly forward, so a pipe suffices; free each part as it is sent.
+        name = graph_path.rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+        lines += [
+            f"rm -f {graph_path}",
+            f"mkfifo {graph_path}",
+            f'( for p in /gapbs/parts/{name}.*; do cat "$p"; rm -f "$p"; done ) > {graph_path} &',
+        ]
+    lines += [f"echo 'CMD: {cmd}'", "set +e", cmd, "status=$?", "set -e",
+              "date -R || true",
+              f"echo '======== END   {case} ========'", "exit $status", ""]
+    run_sh = pkg_dir / "gapbs" / "run.sh"
+    run_sh.write_text("\n".join(lines), encoding="utf-8")
+    run_sh.chmod(0o755)
+    etc = pkg_dir / "etc"; etc.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    (etc / "inittab").write_text("::sysinit:nemu-exec /bin/sh /gapbs/run.sh\n", encoding="utf-8")
+
+def main():
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    ap.add_argument("--case")
+    ap.add_argument("--list-cases", action="store_true")
+    ap.add_argument("--src-dir")
+    ap.add_argument("--graph-dir", default=os.environ.get(
+        "GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR", "/nfs/share/manyang/gapbs-graphs/serialized"))
+    ap.add_argument("--pkg-dir")
+    ap.add_argument("--out-dir")
+    ap.add_argument("--cross-compile", default=os.environ.get("CROSS_COMPILE", ""))
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+
+    if args.list_cases:
+        print(" ".join(all_cases())); return
+    for req in ("case", "src_dir", "pkg_dir", "out_dir"):
+        if not getattr(args, req):
+            ap.error(f"--{req.replace('_','-')} is required")
+
+    kernel, graph = parse_case(args.case)
+    pkg_dir = Path(args.pkg_dir).resolve()
+    log_dir = Path(args.out_dir).resolve() / "logs"
+    compile_kernel(Path(args.src_dir).resolve(), kernel, args.cross_compile, pkg_dir, log_dir)
+    graph_path, streamed = stage_graph(args.graph_dir, graph, kernel, pkg_dir)
+    write_runtime(pkg_dir, args.case, kernel, graph_path, streamed, kernel_args(kernel, graph))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/workloads/linux/gapbs/rules.mk b/workloads/linux/gapbs/rules.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e186acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workloads/linux/gapbs/rules.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+GAPBS_WORKLOAD_DIR := $(abspath $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))))
+GAPBS_REPO_ROOT := $(abspath $(GAPBS_WORKLOAD_DIR)/../../..)
+GAPBS_SELF_MAKEFILE := $(GAPBS_WORKLOAD_DIR)/rules.mk
+GAPBS_ROOT_MAKEFILE := $(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/Makefile
+GAPBS_RECURSE_MAKEFILE := $(if $(filter $(GAPBS_ROOT_MAKEFILE),$(abspath $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))),$(GAPBS_ROOT_MAKEFILE),$(GAPBS_SELF_MAKEFILE))
+GAPBS_SCRIPTS_DIR := $(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/scripts
+GAPBS_DTS_DIR := $(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/dts
+GAPBS_BUILD_DIR ?= $(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/build/linux-workloads/gapbs
+GAPBS_IMAGE_DIR ?= $(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/build/images/gapbs
+GAPBS_HELPER := $(GAPBS_WORKLOAD_DIR)/gapbs-package.py
+GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR ?= /nfs/share/manyang/gapbs-graphs/serialized
+GAPBS_CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(if $(CROSS_COMPILE),$(CROSS_COMPILE),riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu-)
+GAPBS_DEFAULT_DTB ?= xiangshan-fpga-noAIA-mem64g-novec
+GAPBS_DTB_MIN_MEMORY_BYTES ?= 68719476736
+GAPBS_BUILDROOT_DIR ?= $(abspath $(if $(BUILDROOT_DIR),$(BUILDROOT_DIR),$(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/build/buildroot))
+GAPBS_LINUX_IMAGE ?= $(if $(LINUX_IMAGE),$(LINUX_IMAGE),$(GAPBS_BUILDROOT_DIR)/output/images/Image)
+GAPBS_GCPT_BIN ?= $(if $(GCPT_BIN),$(GCPT_BIN),$(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/build/LibCheckpointAlpha/build/gcpt.bin)
+GAPBS_SBI_BUILD_DIR ?= $(if $(SBI_BUILD_DIR),$(SBI_BUILD_DIR),$(GAPBS_REPO_ROOT)/build/opensbi)
+GAPBS_SBI_BIN ?= $(if $(SBI_BIN),$(SBI_BIN),$(GAPBS_SBI_BUILD_DIR)/build/platform/generic/firmware/fw_jump.bin)
+GAPBS_BUILDROOT_CROSS_COMPILE ?= $(GAPBS_BUILDROOT_DIR)/output/host/bin/riscv64-linux-
+GAPBS_DTC ?= $(GAPBS_BUILDROOT_DIR)/output/host/bin/dtc
+GAPBS_DTS_SOURCES := $(shell find $(GAPBS_DTS_DIR) -type f 2>/dev/null)
+GAPBS_ALL_CASES := $(shell python3 $(GAPBS_HELPER) --list-cases)
+
+WORKLOAD_DIRS += $(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)
+
+define add_gapbs_case
+$(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/download/sentinel:
+	@mkdir -p "$$(@D)"
+	@touch "$$@"
+
+$(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/rootfs.cpio: $$(GAPBS_HELPER) $$(GAPBS_WORKLOAD_DIR)/build.sh $(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/download/sentinel $$(GAPBS_SCRIPTS_DIR)/build-workload-linux.sh
+	@GAPBS_CASE="$(1)" \
+	CROSS_COMPILE="$$(GAPBS_BUILDROOT_CROSS_COMPILE)" \
+	GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR="$$(GAPBS_GRAPH_DIR)" \
+	bash "$$(GAPBS_SCRIPTS_DIR)/build-workload-linux.sh" "$$(GAPBS_WORKLOAD_DIR)" "$(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)"
+
+$(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/fw_payload.bin: $$(GAPBS_DTS_SOURCES) $$(GAPBS_GCPT_BIN) $$(GAPBS_SCRIPTS_DIR)/build-firmware-linux.sh $(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/rootfs.cpio $$(GAPBS_LINUX_IMAGE) $$(GAPBS_SBI_BIN)
+	@printf '[gapbs] Assembling firmware for $(1)\n'
+	@CROSS_COMPILE="$$(GAPBS_BUILDROOT_CROSS_COMPILE)" \
+	DTC="$$(GAPBS_DTC)" \
+	DEFAULT_DTB="$$(GAPBS_DEFAULT_DTB)" \
+	DTB_MIN_MEMORY_BYTES="$$(GAPBS_DTB_MIN_MEMORY_BYTES)" \
+	bash "$$(GAPBS_SCRIPTS_DIR)/build-firmware-linux.sh" "$$(GAPBS_GCPT_BIN)" "$$(GAPBS_SBI_BUILD_DIR)" "$$(GAPBS_DTS_DIR)" "$$(GAPBS_LINUX_IMAGE)" "$(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)"
+
+linux/gapbs-$(1): $(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/fw_payload.bin
+
+WORKLOAD_PHONY_TARGETS += linux/gapbs-$(1)
+
+$(GAPBS_IMAGE_DIR)/bin/$(1).fw_payload.bin: $(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/fw_payload.bin
+	@mkdir -p "$(GAPBS_IMAGE_DIR)/bin"
+	@cp "$(GAPBS_BUILD_DIR)/$(1)/fw_payload.bin" "$(GAPBS_IMAGE_DIR)/bin/$(1).fw_payload.bin"
+endef
+
+$(foreach case,$(GAPBS_ALL_CASES),$(eval $(call add_gapbs_case,$(case))))
+
+gapbs-list:
+	@echo $(GAPBS_ALL_CASES)
+
+gapbs-images:
+	@[ -n "$(strip $(GAPBS_ALL_CASES))" ] || { echo '[gapbs] error: no cases -- gapbs-package.py --list-cases produced nothing'; exit 1; }
+	@for case in $(GAPBS_ALL_CASES); do \
+		$(MAKE) --no-print-directory -f "$(GAPBS_RECURSE_MAKEFILE)" "$(GAPBS_IMAGE_DIR)/bin/$$case.fw_payload.bin" || exit $$?; \
+	done
+	@printf '[gapbs] Output written to %s\n' "$(abspath $(GAPBS_IMAGE_DIR))"
+
+.PHONY: gapbs-list gapbs-images
diff --git a/workloads/linux/gapbs/source b/workloads/linux/gapbs/source
new file mode 160000
index 0000000..b5e3e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/workloads/linux/gapbs/source
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit b5e3e19c2845f22fb338f4a4bc4b1ccee861d026