diff --git a/changelog.d/fix-disability-input-disconnects.fixed.md b/changelog.d/fix-disability-input-disconnects.fixed.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bab8e2bb3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/fix-disability-input-disconnects.fixed.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Align federal disability gates with their governing legal definitions:
+- SNAP elderly or disabled member (7 CFR 271.2): qualify by SSI receipt rather than the SSI disability criteria flag.
+- SNAP work requirement, work registration, ABAWD, and student rules: recognize disability benefit receipt as unfitness for employment.
+- SSI student earned income exclusion: use the SSI disability test rather than the generic disability flag.
+- Medicaid work requirement and home equity family exception: recognize the Section 1614 SSI disability definition.
+- HUD person-with-disabilities status: recognize the SSI and SSDI disability paths.
diff --git a/policyengine_us/parameters/gov/usda/disabled_programs.yaml b/policyengine_us/parameters/gov/usda/disabled_programs.yaml
index 70086e22344..cb417554b43 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/parameters/gov/usda/disabled_programs.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/parameters/gov/usda/disabled_programs.yaml
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-description: Program participation that qualify individuals as disabled under USDA rules
+description: Benefit receipt that qualifies individuals as elderly or disabled members under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
 
 values:
   2021-01-01:
-    - is_ssi_disabled
+    # 7 CFR 271.2 defines "elderly or disabled member" by benefit receipt
+    # ("receives supplemental security income benefits ... or disability or
+    # blindness payments"), not by meeting the disability criteria alone.
+    # Amount entries (ssi, social_security_disability) count when positive.
+    - receives_ssi
+    - ssi
     - social_security_disability
     - is_permanently_disabled_veteran
     - is_surviving_spouse_of_disabled_veteran
@@ -12,3 +17,5 @@ metadata:
   reference:
     - title: "SNAP Special Rules for the Elderly or Disabled"
       href: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/eligibility/elderly-disabled-special-rules#Who%20is%20elderly?
+    - title: 7 CFR 271.2 (definition of elderly or disabled member)
+      href: https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/271.2
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible.yaml
index 004b5811086..aeb4936abee 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible.yaml
@@ -295,3 +295,63 @@
     home_equity: 1_217_001
   output:
     is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible: false
+
+- name: Case 19, resident adult child meeting the section 1614 SSI disability test triggers the family exception.
+  period: 2028
+  input:
+    people:
+      person1:
+        age: 65
+        receives_medicaid_long_term_care_services: true
+        home_equity: 1_000_001
+      person2:
+        age: 30
+        is_disabled: false
+        is_ssi_disabled: true
+        is_related_to_head_or_spouse: true
+    tax_units:
+      tax_unit1:
+        members: [person1]
+      tax_unit2:
+        members: [person2]
+    households:
+      household:
+        members: [person1, person2]
+    marital_units:
+      marital_unit1:
+        members: [person1]
+      marital_unit2:
+        members: [person2]
+  output:
+    medicaid_home_equity_limit_family_exception: [true, false]
+    is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible: [true, true]
+
+- name: Case 20, resident adult child not meeting the SSI disability test does not trigger the family exception.
+  period: 2028
+  input:
+    people:
+      person1:
+        age: 65
+        receives_medicaid_long_term_care_services: true
+        home_equity: 1_000_001
+      person2:
+        age: 30
+        is_disabled: false
+        is_ssi_disabled: false
+        is_related_to_head_or_spouse: true
+    tax_units:
+      tax_unit1:
+        members: [person1]
+      tax_unit2:
+        members: [person2]
+    households:
+      household:
+        members: [person1, person2]
+    marital_units:
+      marital_unit1:
+        members: [person1]
+      marital_unit2:
+        members: [person2]
+  output:
+    medicaid_home_equity_limit_family_exception: [false, false]
+    is_medicaid_long_term_care_home_equity_eligible: [false, true]
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.yaml
index 1930e3c7205..3fa67b1aad2 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.yaml
@@ -401,3 +401,14 @@
     medicaid_community_engagement_pass_through_eligible: false
   output:
     medicaid_work_requirement_eligible: false
+
+- name: Case 41, meeting the section 1614 SSI disability test exempts without the generic disability flag.
+  period: 2027
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    monthly_hours_worked: 0
+    is_disabled: false
+    is_ssi_disabled: true
+    medicaid_community_engagement_pass_through_eligible: false
+  output:
+    medicaid_work_requirement_eligible: true
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_dependent.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_dependent.yaml
index 33060ed5bb4..ba9d34cb4e4 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_dependent.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_dependent.yaml
@@ -127,3 +127,69 @@
     # Both are disabled adults filing separately; only the oldest is
     # excluded as the family head, so the younger one is a dependent.
     is_hud_dependent: [false, true]
+
+- name: A non-head adult meeting the SSI disability test is a HUD dependent (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(3)(E)).
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    people:
+      head:
+        age: 45
+        is_household_head: true
+      person:
+        age: 40
+        is_disabled: false
+        is_ssi_disabled: true
+    tax_units:
+      tax_unit1:
+        members: [head]
+      tax_unit2:
+        members: [person]
+    spm_units:
+      spm_unit:
+        members: [head, person]
+  output:
+    is_hud_dependent: [false, true]
+
+- name: A non-head adult receiving SSDI is a HUD dependent (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(3)(E)).
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    people:
+      head:
+        age: 45
+        is_household_head: true
+      person:
+        age: 40
+        is_disabled: false
+        social_security_disability: 12_000
+    tax_units:
+      tax_unit1:
+        members: [head]
+      tax_unit2:
+        members: [person]
+    spm_units:
+      spm_unit:
+        members: [head, person]
+  output:
+    is_hud_dependent: [false, true]
+
+- name: A non-head adult with zero SSDI and no other disability status is not a HUD dependent.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    people:
+      head:
+        age: 45
+        is_household_head: true
+      person:
+        age: 40
+        is_disabled: false
+        social_security_disability: 0
+    tax_units:
+      tax_unit1:
+        members: [head]
+      tax_unit2:
+        members: [person]
+    spm_units:
+      spm_unit:
+        members: [head, person]
+  output:
+    is_hud_dependent: [false, false]
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled.yaml
index ee08315c6a3..9079167bc8c 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled.yaml
@@ -63,3 +63,32 @@
         members: [parent, dependent]
   output:
     is_hud_elderly_disabled_family: false
+
+# 42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(3)(E): the SSA disability standard qualifies alongside
+# the generic disability flag.
+- name: A one-person non-elderly family meeting the SSI disability test.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    age: 48
+    is_disabled: false
+    is_ssi_disabled: true
+  output:
+    is_hud_elderly_disabled_family: true
+
+- name: A one-person non-elderly family receiving SSDI.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    age: 48
+    is_disabled: false
+    social_security_disability: 12_000
+  output:
+    is_hud_elderly_disabled_family: true
+
+- name: A one-person non-elderly family with zero SSDI and no other disability status.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    age: 48
+    is_disabled: false
+    social_security_disability: 0
+  output:
+    is_hud_elderly_disabled_family: false
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.yaml
index df6bfbfee5f..8cf9f0fea12 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.yaml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 - name: Not demographic eligible nor student eligible
-  period: 1974
+  period: 1975
   input:
     is_blind: true
     is_disabled: false
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
     is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible: false
 
 - name: Demographic eligible but not student eligible
-  period: 1974
+  period: 1975
   input:
     is_blind: true
     is_disabled: false
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible: false
 
 - name: Student eligible but not demographic eligible
-  period: 1974
+  period: 1975
   input:
     is_blind: false
     is_disabled: false
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible: false
 
 - name: Eligible
-  period: 1974
+  period: 1975
   input:
     is_blind: false
     is_disabled: true
@@ -38,3 +38,27 @@
     is_full_time_student: true
   output:
     is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible: true
+
+- name: Eligible student earning above the SGA threshold keeps the exclusion
+  period: 2026
+  input:
+    is_blind: false
+    is_disabled: false
+    meets_ssi_disability_criteria: true
+    employment_income: 30_000
+    age: 20
+    is_full_time_student: true
+  output:
+    is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible: true
+
+- name: Non-disabled student earning above the SGA threshold never qualifies
+  period: 2026
+  input:
+    is_blind: false
+    is_disabled: false
+    meets_ssi_disability_criteria: false
+    employment_income: 30_000
+    age: 20
+    is_full_time_student: true
+  output:
+    is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible: false
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.yaml
index a31f19a9ca5..1cdab9f8b50 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.yaml
@@ -1,20 +1,69 @@
-- name: People without any disability flags are not USDA disabled
+# 7 CFR 271.2 "elderly or disabled member" item (2): the person must
+# *receive* SSI (any category) or disability/blindness payments. Meeting the
+# SSI disability criteria without receiving SSI does not qualify.
+
+- name: Case 1, people without any disability flags are not USDA disabled.
   period: 2021
   input:
     age: 30
   output:
     is_usda_disabled: false
 
-- name: SSI disabled people are USDA disabled
+- name: Case 2, reported SSI receipt qualifies.
   period: 2021
   input:
+    age: 30
+    receives_ssi: true
+  output:
+    is_usda_disabled: true
+
+- name: Case 3, a reported SSI amount supplied as the ssi input qualifies.
+  period: 2021
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    ssi: 6_000
+  output:
+    is_usda_disabled: true
+
+- name: Case 4, modeled SSI receipt by a person meeting the SSI disability test qualifies.
+  period: 2021
+  input:
+    age: 30
     is_ssi_disabled: true
+    employment_income: 0
   output:
     is_usda_disabled: true
 
-- name: People receiving SSDI are USDA disabled
+- name: Case 5, meeting the SSI disability test without receiving SSI does not qualify.
   period: 2021
   input:
+    age: 30
+    is_ssi_disabled: true
+    employment_income: 100_000
+  output:
+    ssi: 0
+    is_usda_disabled: false
+
+- name: Case 6, blind SSI recipients qualify.
+  period: 2021
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    is_blind: true
+  output:
+    is_usda_disabled: true
+
+- name: Case 7, aged SSI recipients qualify through SSI receipt and are also USDA elderly.
+  period: 2021
+  input:
+    age: 66
+  output:
+    is_usda_disabled: true
+    is_usda_elderly: true
+
+- name: Case 8, people receiving SSDI are USDA disabled.
+  period: 2021
+  input:
+    age: 30
     social_security_disability: 100
   output:
     is_usda_disabled: true
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/is_snap_ineligible_student.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/is_snap_ineligible_student.yaml
index e11b3d35767..13f86c3bcfb 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/is_snap_ineligible_student.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/is_snap_ineligible_student.yaml
@@ -282,3 +282,27 @@
         state_code: MO
   output:
     is_snap_ineligible_student: [false, true, false]
+
+- name: Case 18, college student receiving SSDI meets the disability exception without the generic disability flag.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    is_full_time_college_student: true
+    age: 25
+    is_disabled: false
+    weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 0
+    is_parent: false
+    social_security_disability: 12_000
+  output:
+    is_snap_ineligible_student: false
+
+- name: Case 19, college student reported to receive SSI meets the disability exception without the generic disability flag.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    is_full_time_college_student: true
+    age: 25
+    is_disabled: false
+    weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 0
+    is_parent: false
+    receives_ssi: true
+  output:
+    is_snap_ineligible_student: false
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.yaml
index 29dd00bf7fe..a78c3fef326 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.yaml
@@ -48,3 +48,25 @@
     tanf_person: 500
   output:
     meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception: true
+
+- name: Student receiving SSDI meets the disability exception without the generic disability flag
+  period: 2024
+  input:
+    is_full_time_college_student: true
+    age: 25
+    is_disabled: false
+    weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 0
+    social_security_disability: 12_000
+  output:
+    meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception: true
+
+- name: Student reported to receive SSI meets the disability exception without the generic disability flag
+  period: 2024
+  input:
+    is_full_time_college_student: true
+    age: 25
+    is_disabled: false
+    weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 0
+    receives_ssi: true
+  output:
+    meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception: true
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.yaml
index ea27f6ae007..1feb166d08a 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.yaml
@@ -266,3 +266,41 @@
         state_code: TX
   output:
     is_snap_abawd_exempt: false
+
+# (B) Receipt of disability benefits establishes unfitness for employment
+# (7 CFR 273.24(c)(2)) even without the generic disability flag.
+- name: Case 16, SSDI recipient without the generic disability flag is exempt.
+  period: 2026-01
+  input:
+    people:
+      person1:
+        age: 30
+        is_disabled: false
+        social_security_disability: 12_000
+    spm_units:
+      spm_unit:
+        members: [person1]
+    households:
+      household:
+        members: [person1]
+        state_code: TX
+  output:
+    is_snap_abawd_exempt: true
+
+- name: Case 17, reported SSI recipient without the generic disability flag is exempt.
+  period: 2026-01
+  input:
+    people:
+      person1:
+        age: 30
+        is_disabled: false
+        receives_ssi: true
+    spm_units:
+      spm_unit:
+        members: [person1]
+    households:
+      household:
+        members: [person1]
+        state_code: TX
+  output:
+    is_snap_abawd_exempt: true
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.yaml
index 1568ec2e479..55c8ad03b5e 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.yaml
@@ -218,3 +218,23 @@
     weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 29
   output:
     is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age: false
+
+# --- (ii) Receipt of disability benefits establishes unfitness ---
+
+- name: Case 17, SSDI recipient without the generic disability flag is exempt.
+  period: 2026-01
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    is_disabled: false
+    social_security_disability: 12_000
+  output:
+    is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age: true
+
+- name: Case 18, reported SSI recipient without the generic disability flag is exempt.
+  period: 2026-01
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    is_disabled: false
+    receives_ssi: true
+  output:
+    is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age: true
diff --git a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.yaml b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.yaml
index bc0b8092210..31acef50f0d 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.yaml
+++ b/policyengine_us/tests/policy/baseline/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.yaml
@@ -225,3 +225,30 @@
   output:
     # Participation is affirmative compliance under 7 CFR 273.7(a)(1)(ii).
     meets_snap_general_work_requirements: true
+
+# Receipt of disability benefits establishes unfitness for employment under
+# 7 CFR 273.7(b)(1)(ii), so the exemption applies even when the generic
+# disability flag is off and the person is flagged noncompliant.
+- name: Case 15, noncompliant 30-year-old receiving SSDI is exempt through benefit receipt.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 1
+    is_disabled: false
+    is_incapable_of_self_care: false
+    social_security_disability: 12_000
+    is_snap_work_registration_noncompliant: true
+  output:
+    meets_snap_general_work_requirements: true
+
+- name: Case 16, noncompliant 30-year-old with an SSI amount is exempt through benefit receipt.
+  period: 2022
+  input:
+    age: 30
+    weekly_hours_worked_before_lsr: 1
+    is_disabled: false
+    is_incapable_of_self_care: false
+    ssi: 6_000
+    is_snap_work_registration_noncompliant: true
+  output:
+    meets_snap_general_work_requirements: true
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_home_equity_limit_family_exception.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_home_equity_limit_family_exception.py
index 0cc3c7056ff..3a3f9b88678 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_home_equity_limit_family_exception.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_home_equity_limit_family_exception.py
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
             | person("is_blind", period)
             | person("is_disabled", period)
             | person("is_permanently_and_totally_disabled", period)
+            # 42 U.S.C. 1396p(f)(2)(A)(ii)(II) defines the child's disability
+            # by cross-reference to section 1614 (the SSI definition).
+            | person("is_ssi_disabled", period)
         )
         has_resident_child = (
             person.household.sum(qualifying_resident_child) > qualifying_resident_child
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.py
index e175df2457f..153c5276120 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hhs/medicaid/eligibility/medicaid_work_requirement_eligible.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ class medicaid_work_requirement_eligible(Variable):
     reference = (
         "https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1/text",
         "https://www.medicaid.gov/federal-policy-guidance/downloads/cib12082025.pdf",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1382c#a_3",
     )
 
     def formula(person, period, parameters):
@@ -72,7 +73,12 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
         # blind or disabled or is_incapable_of_self_care p.694 (V)
         is_blind = person("is_blind", period)
         is_incapable_of_self_care = person("is_incapable_of_self_care", period)
-        eligible_disabled = is_blind | is_disabled | is_incapable_of_self_care
+        # "Blind or disabled" is defined by cross-reference to section 1614
+        # of the Social Security Act, so the SSI disability test also exempts.
+        is_ssi_disabled = person("is_ssi_disabled", period)
+        eligible_disabled = (
+            is_blind | is_disabled | is_ssi_disabled | is_incapable_of_self_care
+        )
         medically_frail = person(
             "is_medically_frail_or_has_special_medical_needs_for_medicaid_ce",
             period,
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/income/is_hud_dependent.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/income/is_hud_dependent.py
index 4619ec710ab..a6806d08d13 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/income/is_hud_dependent.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/income/is_hud_dependent.py
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ class is_hud_dependent(Variable):
     entity = Person
     label = "HUD dependent"
     definition_period = YEAR
-    reference = "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/24/5.603"
+    reference = (
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/24/5.603",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1437a#b_3_E",
+    )
 
     def formula(person, period, parameters):
         is_household_head = person("is_household_head", period)
@@ -23,9 +26,16 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
             & ~is_head
         )
         is_hud_head_or_spouse = is_head | is_head_spouse
+        # The "person with disabilities" definition (42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(3)(E))
+        # includes the section 223 SSA disability standard, so the SSI/SSDI
+        # paths qualify alongside the generic disability flag. SSDI receipt
+        # is a modeling proxy for the section 223 definition: the statute
+        # turns on the impairment, not on receipt.
         meets_dependent_condition = (
             person("is_child", period)
             | person("is_disabled", period)
+            | person("is_ssi_disabled", period)
+            | (person("social_security_disability", period) > 0)
             | person("is_full_time_student", period)
         )
         is_foster = person("is_in_foster_care", period)
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled_family.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled_family.py
index 4424ccf6920..bbb0e13f029 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled_family.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/hud/is_hud_elderly_disabled_family.py
@@ -5,16 +5,28 @@ class is_hud_elderly_disabled_family(Variable):
     value_type = bool
     entity = SPMUnit
     label = "HUD elderly or disabled family"
-    unit = USD
     documentation = "Whether an SPM unit is deemed elderly or disabled for HUD purposes"
     definition_period = YEAR
-    reference = "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/24/5.611"
+    reference = (
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/24/5.611",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1437a#b_3_E",
+    )
 
     def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
         hud = parameters(period).gov.hud
         person = spm_unit.members
         elderly = person("age", period) >= hud.elderly_age_threshold
-        disabled = person("is_disabled", period)
+        # 42 U.S.C. 1437a(b)(3)(E) defines a person with disabilities to
+        # include anyone with a disability as defined in section 223 of the
+        # Social Security Act (the SSDI standard), so the SSI/SSDI paths
+        # qualify alongside the generic disability flag. SSDI receipt is a
+        # modeling proxy for the section 223 definition: the statute turns
+        # on the impairment, not on receipt.
+        disabled = (
+            person("is_disabled", period)
+            | person("is_ssi_disabled", period)
+            | (person("social_security_disability", period) > 0)
+        )
         child = person("is_child", period)
         elderly_disabled_adult = (elderly | disabled) & ~child
         # Simplify to having any elderly or disabled adults.
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.py
index fb035433068..41e0d875d32 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/ssa/ssi/eligibility/income/is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible.py
@@ -7,15 +7,28 @@ class is_ssi_blind_or_disabled_working_student_exclusion_eligible(Variable):
     label = "Eligible for SSI blind or disabled working student earned income exclusion"
     unit = USD
     definition_period = YEAR
-    reference = "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/20/416.1112#c_3"
+    reference = (
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/20/416.1112#c_3",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/1382c#a_3",
+    )
 
     def formula(person, period, parameters):
         p = parameters(
             period
         ).gov.ssa.ssi.income.exclusions.blind_or_disabled_working_student
+        # 20 CFR 416.1112(c)(3) itself sets only the age and student
+        # conditions; the blind-or-disabled precondition comes from the
+        # enclosing SSI context, where "blind or disabled" carries the
+        # section 1614 meaning (42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(2)-(3)). So the SSI
+        # disability criteria govern rather than the generic disability
+        # flag. The substantial gainful activity screen is left
+        # out: it is an initial-entitlement test, and section 1619(a)
+        # recipients keep SSI status while earning above SGA, so the
+        # exclusion (also used by MSP and Medicaid income methodologies)
+        # must not vanish above the SGA threshold.
         is_blind = person("is_blind", period)
-        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period)
-        demographic_eligible = is_blind | is_disabled
+        meets_disability_criteria = person("meets_ssi_disability_criteria", period)
+        demographic_eligible = is_blind | meets_disability_criteria
         under_age_limit = person("age", period) < p.age_limit
         eligible_student = under_age_limit & person("is_full_time_student", period)
         return eligible_student & demographic_eligible
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.py
index eaf15235460..f332da428ef 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/is_usda_disabled.py
@@ -5,9 +5,18 @@ class is_usda_disabled(Variable):
     value_type = bool
     entity = Person
     definition_period = YEAR
-    documentation = "Disabled according to USDA criteria"
+    documentation = (
+        "Meets the benefit-receipt half of the SNAP 'elderly or disabled "
+        "member' definition (7 CFR 271.2), which counts any SSI receipt, "
+        "whether based on age, blindness, or disability."
+    )
     label = "USDA disabled status"
+    reference = "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/271.2"
 
     def formula(person, period, parameters):
         programs = parameters(period).gov.usda.disabled_programs
-        return np.logical_or.reduce([person(program, period) for program in programs])
+        # Each entry is truthiness-tested: boolean flags count when true,
+        # and amount entries (ssi, social_security_disability) count when
+        # positive over the period.
+        received = [add(person, period, [program]) > 0 for program in programs]
+        return np.logical_or.reduce(received)
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.py
index 4385cdba3ae..fec1317babb 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/student/meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ class meets_snap_non_parent_student_exception(Variable):
     reference = (
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/7/2015#e",
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.5#b",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.24#c_2",
     )
 
     def formula(person, period, parameters):
@@ -20,8 +21,13 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
         # would make a later ~ a bitwise negation instead of a logical one.
         meets_age_exception = p.age_threshold.calc(age).astype(bool)
 
-        # Exception 2: Not physically or mentally fit (disabled)
-        meets_disability_exception = person("is_disabled", period)
+        # Exception 2: Not physically or mentally fit (disabled). 7 CFR
+        # 273.24(c)(2)(i) treats receipt of disability benefits as
+        # establishing unfitness for employment, applied here by analogy,
+        # so the USDA receipt-based definition also qualifies.
+        meets_disability_exception = person("is_disabled", period) | person(
+            "is_usda_disabled", period
+        )
 
         # Exceptions 3 and 7: Placed in or enrolled in an institution of
         # higher education through a qualifying program — an employment and
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.py
index 47fd5d94a6f..0229ef67b05 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_abawd_exempt.py
@@ -38,8 +38,12 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
             p.age_threshold.exempted.calc(age),
             p_pre.age_threshold.exempted.calc(age),
         )
-        # (B) Disability — 7 U.S.C. 2015(o)(3)(B)
-        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period)
+        # (B) Disability — 7 U.S.C. 2015(o)(3)(B); 7 CFR 273.24(c)(2) treats
+        # receipt of government or private disability benefits as unfitness
+        # for employment, so the USDA receipt-based definition also exempts.
+        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period) | person(
+            "is_usda_disabled", period.this_year
+        )
         # (D) Work registration exempt (non-age) — 7 U.S.C. 2015(o)(3)(D),
         # including the 7 CFR 273.7(b)(1)(vii) exemption for people working
         # 30 or more hours weekly.
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.py
index 7acb5cceb2c..aa55ab563ca 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ class is_snap_work_registration_exempt_non_age(Variable):
     definition_period = MONTH
     reference = (
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.7#b_1",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.24#c_2",
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/7/2015#o_3",
     )
 
@@ -15,8 +16,14 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
         p = parameters(period).gov.usda.snap.work_requirements.general
         # Age-based exemptions under (b)(1)(i) are handled in the
         # age-based work registration exemption logic.
-        # (ii) Physically or mentally unfit for employment
-        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period)
+        # (ii) Physically or mentally unfit for employment. 7 CFR
+        # 273.7(b)(1)(ii) leaves the unfitness determination to the State
+        # agency; 7 CFR 273.24(c)(2)(i) treats receipt of temporary or
+        # permanent disability benefits as establishing unfitness, applied
+        # here by analogy, so the USDA receipt-based definition also exempts.
+        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period) | person(
+            "is_usda_disabled", period.this_year
+        )
         # (iii) Subject to and complying with TANF work requirements.
         # TANF enrollment is an existing SPM-unit input; person-level
         # compliance is a documented input the data layer may not yet
diff --git a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.py b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.py
index f700bb8910b..08237ee01ba 100644
--- a/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.py
+++ b/policyengine_us/variables/gov/usda/snap/eligibility/work_requirements/meets_snap_general_work_requirements.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ class meets_snap_general_work_requirements(Variable):
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.7#a_1",
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.7#b_1",
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.7#f_1",
+        "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.24#c_2",
         "https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/273.7#j",
     )
 
@@ -37,8 +38,14 @@ def formula(person, period, parameters):
         # Exemptions under 7 CFR 273.7(b)(1):
         # Under 16 or 60 years of age or older are exempted
         worked_exempted_age = p.age_threshold.exempted.calc(age)
-        # Unable to work due to a physical or mental limitation
-        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period)
+        # Unable to work due to a physical or mental limitation. 7 CFR
+        # 273.7(b)(1)(ii) leaves the unfitness determination to the State
+        # agency; 7 CFR 273.24(c)(2)(i) treats receipt of temporary or
+        # permanent disability benefits as establishing unfitness, applied
+        # here by analogy, so the USDA receipt-based definition also exempts.
+        is_disabled = person("is_disabled", period) | person(
+            "is_usda_disabled", period.this_year
+        )
         # Taking care of a child under six or an incapacitated person
         is_dependent = person("is_tax_unit_dependent", period)
         is_child = age < p.age_threshold.caring_dependent_child