diff --git a/cfg/xrpld-example.cfg b/cfg/xrpld-example.cfg
index 9e334e6f4f3..370195f3d0b 100644
--- a/cfg/xrpld-example.cfg
+++ b/cfg/xrpld-example.cfg
@@ -1059,10 +1059,11 @@
 #                           The online delete process checks periodically
 #                           that xrpld is still in sync with the network,
 #                           and that the validated ledger is less than
-#                           'age_threshold_seconds' old. If not, then continue
+#                           'age_threshold_seconds' old, and that all
+#                           recent ledgers are available. If not, then continue
 #                           sleeping for this number of seconds and
 #                           checking until healthy.
-#                           Default is 5.
+#                           Default is 2.
 #
 #   Notes:
 #       The 'node_db' entry configures the primary, persistent storage.
diff --git a/src/test/app/LedgerMaster_test.cpp b/src/test/app/LedgerMaster_test.cpp
index 3cf9b3a9d9e..ece25356fd0 100644
--- a/src/test/app/LedgerMaster_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/LedgerMaster_test.cpp
@@ -5,17 +5,21 @@
 #include <test/jtx/noop.h>
 
 #include <xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h>
+#include <xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStore.h>
 #include <xrpld/core/Config.h>
 
+#include <xrpl/basics/ToString.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/base_uint.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/unit_test/suite.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Feature.h>
+#include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/SField.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STObject.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/STTx.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace xrpl::test {
@@ -111,6 +115,71 @@ class LedgerMaster_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         }
     }
 
+    void
+    testCompleteLedgerRange(FeatureBitset features)
+    {
+        // Note that this test is intentionally very similar to
+        // SHAMapStore_test::testLedgerGaps, but has a different
+        // focus.
+
+        testcase("Complete Ledger operations");
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        auto const deleteInterval = 8;
+
+        Env env{*this, envconfig(onlineDelete, deleteInterval)};
+
+        auto const alice = Account("alice");
+        env.fund(XRP(1000), alice);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto& lm = env.app().getLedgerMaster();
+        LedgerIndex minSeq = 2;
+        LedgerIndex maxSeq = env.closed()->header().seq;
+        auto& store = env.app().getSHAMapStore();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
+        LedgerIndex lastRotated = store.getLastRotated();
+        BEAST_EXPECTS(maxSeq == 3, to_string(maxSeq));
+        BEAST_EXPECTS(lm.getCompleteLedgers() == "2-3", lm.getCompleteLedgers());
+        BEAST_EXPECTS(lastRotated == 3, to_string(lastRotated));
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq, maxSeq) == 0);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(minSeq + 1 > maxSeq - 1);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 1, maxSeq + 1) == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 2, maxSeq - 2) == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq + 2, maxSeq + 2) == 2);
+
+        // Close enough ledgers to rotate a few times
+        for (int i = 0; i < 24; ++i)
+        {
+            for (int t = 0; t < 3; ++t)
+            {
+                env(noop(alice));
+            }
+            env.close();
+            BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
+
+            ++maxSeq;
+
+            if (maxSeq == lastRotated + deleteInterval)
+            {
+                minSeq = lastRotated;
+                lastRotated = maxSeq;
+            }
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                env.closed()->header().seq == maxSeq, to_string(env.closed()->header().seq));
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated, to_string(store.getLastRotated()));
+            std::stringstream expectedRange;
+            expectedRange << minSeq << "-" << maxSeq;
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(lm.getCompleteLedgers() == expectedRange.str(), lm.getCompleteLedgers());
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq, maxSeq) == 0);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq + 1, maxSeq - 1) == 0);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 1, maxSeq + 1) == 2);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 2, maxSeq - 2) == 2);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq + 2, maxSeq + 2) == 2);
+        }
+    }
+
 public:
     void
     run() override
@@ -124,6 +193,7 @@ class LedgerMaster_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
     testWithFeats(FeatureBitset features)
     {
         testTxnIdFromIndex(features);
+        testCompleteLedgerRange(features);
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/test/app/SHAMapStore_test.cpp b/src/test/app/SHAMapStore_test.cpp
index c219bd8737d..267fbbc9eb8 100644
--- a/src/test/app/SHAMapStore_test.cpp
+++ b/src/test/app/SHAMapStore_test.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #include <test/jtx/Env.h>
 #include <test/jtx/amount.h>
 #include <test/jtx/envconfig.h>
+#include <test/jtx/noop.h>
 
+#include <xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h>
 #include <xrpld/app/main/Application.h>
 #include <xrpld/app/main/NodeStoreScheduler.h>
 #include <xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStore.h>
@@ -26,12 +28,15 @@
 #include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
+#include <thread>
 #include <utility>
 
 namespace xrpl::test {
@@ -43,10 +48,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
     static auto
     onlineDelete(std::unique_ptr<Config> cfg)
     {
-        cfg->ledgerHistory = kDeleteInterval;
-        auto& section = cfg->section(Sections::kNodeDatabase);
-        section.set(Keys::kOnlineDelete, std::to_string(kDeleteInterval));
-        return cfg;
+        return jtx::onlineDelete(std::move(cfg), kDeleteInterval);
     }
 
     static auto
@@ -144,11 +146,11 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         auto& store = env.app().getSHAMapStore();
 
         int ledgerSeq = 3;
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
         BEAST_EXPECT(!store.getLastRotated());
 
         env.close();
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         auto ledger = env.rpc("ledger", "validated");
         BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq++)));
@@ -228,7 +230,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(kDeleteInterval + 4)));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == kDeleteInterval + 3);
         lastRotated = store.getLastRotated();
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
                 !getHash(ledgers[i]).empty());
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == kDeleteInterval + lastRotated);
 
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         // The database will always have back to ledger 2,
         // regardless of lastRotated.
@@ -308,7 +310,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq++), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - lastRotated, lastRotated);
         BEAST_EXPECT(lastRotated != store.getLastRotated());
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, kDeleteInterval + 1, lastRotated);
         BEAST_EXPECT(lastRotated != store.getLastRotated());
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - 2, 2);
         BEAST_EXPECT(lastRotated == store.getLastRotated());
@@ -373,7 +375,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         BEAST_EXPECT(!RPC::containsError(canDelete[jss::result]));
         BEAST_EXPECT(canDelete[jss::result][jss::can_delete] == ledgerSeq + (kDeleteInterval / 2));
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - 2, 2);
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated);
@@ -386,7 +388,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq++), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - lastRotated, lastRotated);
 
@@ -402,7 +404,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated);
 
@@ -414,7 +416,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq++), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - firstBatch, firstBatch);
 
@@ -436,7 +438,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated);
 
@@ -448,7 +450,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq++), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - lastRotated, lastRotated);
 
@@ -469,7 +471,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         BEAST_EXPECT(store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated);
 
@@ -481,7 +483,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
             BEAST_EXPECT(goodLedger(env, ledger, std::to_string(ledgerSeq++), true));
         }
 
-        store.rendezvous();
+        BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
 
         ledgerCheck(env, ledgerSeq - lastRotated, lastRotated);
 
@@ -604,6 +606,176 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         BEAST_EXPECT(dbr->getName() == "3");
     }
 
+    void
+    testLedgerGaps()
+    {
+        // Note that this test is intentionally very similar to
+        // LedgerMaster_test::testCompleteLedgerRange, but has a different
+        // focus.
+
+        testcase("Wait for ledger gaps to fill in");
+
+        using namespace test::jtx;
+
+        Env env{*this, envconfig(onlineDelete)};
+
+        auto failureMessage = [&](char const* label, auto expected, auto actual) {
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            ss << label << ": Expected: " << expected << ", Got: " << actual;
+            return ss.str();
+        };
+
+        auto const alice = Account("alice");
+        env.fund(XRP(1000), alice);
+        env.close();
+
+        auto& lm = env.app().getLedgerMaster();
+        LedgerIndex minSeq = 2;
+        LedgerIndex maxSeq = env.closed()->header().seq;
+        auto& store = env.app().getSHAMapStore();
+        LedgerIndex lastRotated = store.getLastRotated();
+        while (lastRotated != 3)
+        {
+            BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
+            lastRotated = store.getLastRotated();
+        }
+        BEAST_EXPECTS(maxSeq == 3, std::to_string(maxSeq));
+        BEAST_EXPECTS(lm.getCompleteLedgers() == "2-3", lm.getCompleteLedgers());
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq, maxSeq) == 0);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(minSeq + 1 > maxSeq - 1);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 1, maxSeq + 1) == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 2, maxSeq - 2) == 2);
+        BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq + 2, maxSeq + 2) == 2);
+
+        // Close enough ledgers to rotate a few times
+        while (maxSeq < 20)
+        {
+            for (int t = 0; t < 3; ++t)
+            {
+                env(noop(alice));
+            }
+            env.close();
+            BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
+
+            ++maxSeq;
+
+            if (maxSeq + 1 == lastRotated + kDeleteInterval)
+            {
+                using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
+                // The next ledger will trigger a rotation. Delete the
+                // current ledger from LedgerMaster.
+                std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+                LedgerIndex const deleteSeq = maxSeq;
+                {
+                    std::size_t iterations = 30;
+                    while (!lm.haveLedger(deleteSeq) && --iterations > 0)
+                    {
+                        std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+                    }
+                    // Even the slowest machines should be able to finalize deleteSeq within 10
+                    // loops (400ms). If this test ever actually fails feel free to lower this
+                    // cutoff. The intent of this test is to flag if the loop takes a very long
+                    // time, but still allow the rest of this function to finish.
+                    BEAST_EXPECTS(iterations > 20, std::to_string(iterations));
+                    if (!BEAST_EXPECT(lm.haveLedger(deleteSeq)))
+                        return;
+                }
+                lm.clearLedger(deleteSeq);
+
+                auto expectedRange = [](auto minSeq, auto deleteSeq, auto maxSeq) {
+                    std::stringstream expectedRange;
+                    expectedRange << minSeq << "-" << (deleteSeq - 1);
+                    if (deleteSeq + 1 == maxSeq)
+                    {
+                        expectedRange << "," << maxSeq;
+                    }
+                    else if (deleteSeq < maxSeq)
+                    {
+                        expectedRange << "," << (deleteSeq + 1) << "-" << maxSeq;
+                    }
+                    return expectedRange.str();
+                };
+                BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                    lm.getCompleteLedgers() == expectedRange(minSeq, deleteSeq, maxSeq),
+                    failureMessage(
+                        "Complete ledgers",
+                        expectedRange(minSeq, deleteSeq, maxSeq),
+                        lm.getCompleteLedgers()));
+                BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq, maxSeq) == 1);
+
+                // Close another ledger, which will trigger a rotation, but the
+                // rotation will be stuck until the missing ledger is filled in.
+                env.close();
+                // Do not call rendezvous() here without a timeout; it will block until the missing
+                // ledger is backfilled. That will not happen automatically. It's a manual step that
+                // is done later in this test.
+                ++maxSeq;
+
+                // Nothing has changed
+                BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                    store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated,
+                    failureMessage("lastRotated", lastRotated, store.getLastRotated()));
+                BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                    lm.getCompleteLedgers() == expectedRange(minSeq, deleteSeq, maxSeq),
+                    failureMessage(
+                        "Complete ledgers",
+                        expectedRange(minSeq, deleteSeq, maxSeq),
+                        lm.getCompleteLedgers()));
+
+                // Close 5 more ledgers, waiting a little bit in between to
+                // simulate the ledger making progress while online delete waits
+                // for the missing ledger to be filled in.
+                // This ensures the healthWait check has time to run and
+                // detect the gap.
+                for (int l = 0; l < 5; ++l)
+                {
+                    env.close();
+                    ++maxSeq;
+                    // Nothing has changed
+                    BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                        store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated,
+                        failureMessage("lastRotated", lastRotated, store.getLastRotated()));
+                    BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                        lm.getCompleteLedgers() == expectedRange(minSeq, deleteSeq, maxSeq),
+                        failureMessage(
+                            "Complete Ledgers",
+                            expectedRange(minSeq, deleteSeq, maxSeq),
+                            lm.getCompleteLedgers()));
+                    // The Store is "stuck" in healthWait() and won't finish the run() loop until
+                    // it's backfilled
+                    BEAST_EXPECT(!store.rendezvous(100ms));
+                }
+
+                // Put the missing ledger back in LedgerMaster
+                lm.setLedgerRangePresent(deleteSeq, deleteSeq);
+
+                // Wait for the rotation to finish
+                BEAST_EXPECT(store.rendezvous());
+
+                minSeq = lastRotated;
+                lastRotated = deleteSeq + 1;
+            }
+            BEAST_EXPECT(maxSeq != lastRotated + kDeleteInterval);
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                env.closed()->header().seq == maxSeq,
+                failureMessage("maxSeq", maxSeq, env.closed()->header().seq));
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                store.getLastRotated() == lastRotated,
+                failureMessage("lastRotated", lastRotated, store.getLastRotated()));
+            std::stringstream expectedRange;
+            expectedRange << minSeq << "-" << maxSeq;
+            BEAST_EXPECTS(
+                lm.getCompleteLedgers() == expectedRange.str(),
+                failureMessage("CompleteLedgers", expectedRange.str(), lm.getCompleteLedgers()));
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq, maxSeq) == 0);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq + 1, maxSeq - 1) == 0);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 1, maxSeq + 1) == 2);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq - 2, maxSeq - 2) == 2);
+            BEAST_EXPECT(lm.missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(minSeq + 2, maxSeq + 2) == 2);
+        }
+    }
+
     void
     run() override
     {
@@ -611,6 +783,7 @@ class SHAMapStore_test : public beast::unit_test::Suite
         testAutomatic();
         testCanDelete();
         testRotate();
+        testLedgerGaps();
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/test/jtx/envconfig.h b/src/test/jtx/envconfig.h
index 1f920fca589..5ad24e25c43 100644
--- a/src/test/jtx/envconfig.h
+++ b/src/test/jtx/envconfig.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <xrpld/core/Config.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -62,6 +63,19 @@ envconfig(F&& modfunc, Args&&... args)
     return modfunc(envconfig(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief adjust config to enable online_delete
+ *
+ * @param cfg config instance to be modified
+ *
+ * @param deleteInterval how many new ledgers should be available before
+ * rotating. Defaults to 8, because the standalone minimum is 8.
+ *
+ * @return unique_ptr to Config instance
+ */
+std::unique_ptr<Config>
+onlineDelete(std::unique_ptr<Config> cfg, std::uint32_t deleteInterval = 8);
+
 /**
  * @brief adjust config so no admin ports are enabled
  *
diff --git a/src/test/jtx/impl/envconfig.cpp b/src/test/jtx/impl/envconfig.cpp
index bc65738b441..14690058ec7 100644
--- a/src/test/jtx/impl/envconfig.cpp
+++ b/src/test/jtx/impl/envconfig.cpp
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@
 #include <xrpl/config/Constants.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 namespace xrpl::test {
@@ -60,6 +62,15 @@ setupConfigForUnitTests(Config& cfg)
 
 namespace jtx {
 
+std::unique_ptr<Config>
+onlineDelete(std::unique_ptr<Config> cfg, std::uint32_t deleteInterval)
+{
+    cfg->ledgerHistory = deleteInterval;
+    auto& section = cfg->section(Sections::kNodeDatabase);
+    section.set(Keys::kOnlineDelete, std::to_string(deleteInterval));
+    return cfg;
+}
+
 std::unique_ptr<Config>
 noAdmin(std::unique_ptr<Config> cfg)
 {
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h b/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h
index 32163fd57b9..462073a4f35 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/ledger/LedgerMaster.h
@@ -123,7 +123,10 @@ class LedgerMaster : public AbstractFetchPackContainer
     failedSave(std::uint32_t seq, uint256 const& hash);
 
     std::string
-    getCompleteLedgers();
+    getCompleteLedgers() const;
+
+    std::size_t
+    missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(LedgerIndex first, LedgerIndex last) const;
 
     /**
      * Apply held transactions to the open ledger
@@ -348,7 +351,7 @@ class LedgerMaster : public AbstractFetchPackContainer
     // A set of transactions to replay during the next close
     std::unique_ptr<LedgerReplay> replayData_;
 
-    std::recursive_mutex completeLock_;
+    std::recursive_mutex mutable completeLock_;
     RangeSet<std::uint32_t> completeLedgers_;
 
     // Publish thread is running.
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/LedgerMaster.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/LedgerMaster.cpp
index 2bd83b0f18b..589d592a294 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/LedgerMaster.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/ledger/detail/LedgerMaster.cpp
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/shamap/SHAMapMissingNode.h>
 #include <xrpl/shamap/SHAMapTreeNode.h>
 
+#include <boost/icl/concept/interval_associator.hpp>
 #include <boost/icl/concept/interval_set.hpp>
 
 #include <xrpl.pb.h>
@@ -1576,12 +1577,33 @@ LedgerMaster::getPublishedLedger()
 }
 
 std::string
-LedgerMaster::getCompleteLedgers()
+LedgerMaster::getCompleteLedgers() const
 {
     std::scoped_lock const sl(completeLock_);
     return to_string(completeLedgers_);
 }
 
+std::size_t
+LedgerMaster::missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(LedgerIndex first, LedgerIndex last) const
+{
+    if (first > last)
+    {
+        // LCOV_EXCL_START
+        UNREACHABLE("xrpl::LedgerMaster::missingFromCompleteLedgerRange : invalid parameters");
+        return 0;
+        // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+    }
+
+    RangeSet<LedgerIndex> const target{range(first, last)};
+
+    auto const missing = [&target, this] {
+        std::scoped_lock const sl(completeLock_);
+        return target - completeLedgers_;
+    }();
+
+    return boost::icl::size(missing);
+}
+
 std::optional<NetClock::time_point>
 LedgerMaster::getCloseTimeBySeq(LedgerIndex ledgerIndex)
 {
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStore.h b/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStore.h
index df696c685f8..603fd4f0c6e 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStore.h
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStore.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/nodestore/Scheduler.h>
 #include <xrpl/protocol/Protocol.h>
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <optional>
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@ class SHAMapStore
     virtual void
     start() = 0;
 
-    virtual void
-    rendezvous() const = 0;
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual bool
+    rendezvous(std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> const& timeout = {}) const = 0;
 
     virtual void
     stop() = 0;
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.cpp b/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.cpp
index 9b5f412fc5f..bfe86a9205b 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.cpp
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <xrpl/basics/ByteUtilities.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/Log.h>
 #include <xrpl/basics/contract.h>
+#include <xrpl/basics/scope.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/core/CurrentThreadName.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/Journal.h>
 #include <xrpl/beast/utility/instrumentation.h>
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@
 #include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <limits>
@@ -236,14 +239,21 @@ SHAMapStoreImp::onLedgerClosed(std::shared_ptr<Ledger const> const& ledger)
     cond_.notify_one();
 }
 
-void
-SHAMapStoreImp::rendezvous() const
+bool
+SHAMapStoreImp::rendezvous(std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> const& timeout) const
 {
     if (!working_)
-        return;
+        return true;
+
+    auto notWorking = [&] { return !working_; };
 
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-    rendezvous_.wait(lock, [&] { return !working_; });
+    if (timeout)
+    {
+        return rendezvous_.wait_for(lock, *timeout, notWorking);
+    }
+    rendezvous_.wait(lock, notWorking);
+    return true;
 }
 
 int
@@ -330,6 +340,16 @@ SHAMapStoreImp::run()
         bool const readyToRotate = validatedSeq >= lastRotated + deleteInterval_ &&
             canDelete_ >= lastRotated - 1 && healthWait() == HealthResult::KeepGoing;
 
+        {
+            JLOG(journal_.trace()) << "run: Setting lastGoodValidatedLedger_ to " << validatedSeq;
+            // Note that this is set after the healthWait() check, so that we
+            // don't start the rotation until the validated ledger is fully
+            // processed. It is not guaranteed to be done at this point. It also
+            // allows the testLedgerGaps unit test to work.
+            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> const lock(mutex_);
+            lastGoodValidatedLedger_ = validatedSeq;
+        }
+
         // will delete up to (not including) lastRotated
         if (readyToRotate)
         {
@@ -337,7 +357,8 @@ SHAMapStoreImp::run()
                                   << lastRotated << " deleteInterval " << deleteInterval_
                                   << " canDelete_ " << canDelete_ << " state "
                                   << app_.getOPs().strOperatingMode(false) << " age "
-                                  << ledgerMaster_->getValidatedLedgerAge().count() << 's';
+                                  << ledgerMaster_->getValidatedLedgerAge().count()
+                                  << "s. Complete ledgers: " << ledgerMaster_->getCompleteLedgers();
 
             clearPrior(lastRotated);
             if (healthWait() == HealthResult::Stopping)
@@ -412,7 +433,9 @@ SHAMapStoreImp::run()
                     clearCaches(validatedSeq);
                 });
 
-            JLOG(journal_.warn()) << "finished rotation " << validatedSeq;
+            JLOG(journal_.warn()) << "finished rotation. validatedSeq: " << validatedSeq
+                                  << ", lastRotated: " << lastRotated
+                                  << ". Complete ledgers: " << ledgerMaster_->getCompleteLedgers();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -656,20 +679,70 @@ SHAMapStoreImp::clearPrior(LedgerIndex lastRotated)
 SHAMapStoreImp::HealthResult
 SHAMapStoreImp::healthWait()
 {
-    auto age = ledgerMaster_->getValidatedLedgerAge();
-    OperatingMode mode = netOPs_->getOperatingMode();
-    std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
-    while (!stop_ && (mode != OperatingMode::FULL || age > ageThreshold_))
-    {
-        lock.unlock();
-        JLOG(journal_.warn()) << "Waiting " << recoveryWaitTime_.count()
-                              << "s for node to stabilize. state: "
-                              << app_.getOPs().strOperatingMode(mode, false) << ". age "
-                              << age.count() << 's';
-        std::this_thread::sleep_for(recoveryWaitTime_);
+    // Gets the current status of the server from ledgerMaster_ and netOPs_. Must be called
+    // while mutex_ is unlocked to avoid unlikely, but possible, deadlock with ledgerMaster_'s
+    // completeLock_.
+    // Releasing the lock may mean that status will be slightly out of date when the lock is
+    // reacquired, but it's close enough. In a normal rotation, healthWait() is called frequently,
+    // so a false positive will be detected on the next call, and a false negative will be detected
+    // in the next loop iteration. Database rotation is important, but not timely, so an extra
+    // delay is fine.
+    auto readServerStatus = [this](
+                                LedgerIndex& index,
+                                std::chrono::seconds& age,
+                                OperatingMode& mode,
+                                std::size_t& numMissing,
+                                LedgerIndex const lowerBound,
+                                ScopeUnlock<decltype(mutex_)> const&) {
+        index = ledgerMaster_->getValidLedgerIndex();
         age = ledgerMaster_->getValidatedLedgerAge();
         mode = netOPs_->getOperatingMode();
-        lock.lock();
+
+        numMissing =
+            lowerBound == 0 ? 0 : ledgerMaster_->missingFromCompleteLedgerRange(lowerBound, index);
+    };
+
+    // Tracked server status properties
+    LedgerIndex index = 0;
+    std::chrono::seconds age;
+    OperatingMode mode = OperatingMode::DISCONNECTED;
+    std::size_t numMissing = 0;
+    LedgerIndex lastLedger = 0;
+
+    std::unique_lock lock(mutex_);
+
+    auto const waitTime = recoveryWaitTime_;
+    auto const ageThreshold = ageThreshold_;
+    {
+        auto const lowerBound = lastGoodValidatedLedger_;
+
+        ScopeUnlock const unlock(lock);
+
+        readServerStatus(index, age, mode, numMissing, lowerBound, unlock);
+    }
+    while (!stop_ && (mode != OperatingMode::FULL || age > ageThreshold || numMissing > 0))
+    {
+        // this value shouldn't change, so grab it while we have the
+        // lock
+        auto const lowerBound = lastGoodValidatedLedger_;
+
+        ScopeUnlock const unlock(lock);
+
+        auto const stream = std::invoke([mode, age, ageThreshold, index, lastLedger, this]() {
+            if (mode != OperatingMode::FULL || age > ageThreshold)
+                return journal_.warn();
+            if (index != lastLedger)
+                return journal_.trace();
+            return journal_.info();
+        });
+        JLOG(stream) << "Waiting " << waitTime.count() << "s for node to stabilize. state: "
+                     << app_.getOPs().strOperatingMode(mode, false) << ". age " << age.count()
+                     << "s. Missing ledgers: " << numMissing << ".  Expect: " << lowerBound << "-"
+                     << index << ". Complete ledgers: " << ledgerMaster_->getCompleteLedgers();
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(waitTime);
+
+        readServerStatus(index, age, mode, numMissing, lowerBound, unlock);
+        lastLedger = index;
     }
 
     return stop_ ? HealthResult::Stopping : HealthResult::KeepGoing;
diff --git a/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.h b/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.h
index a0ca59ecc89..e02f64f56fa 100644
--- a/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.h
+++ b/src/xrpld/app/misc/SHAMapStoreImp.h
@@ -88,6 +88,11 @@ class SHAMapStoreImp : public SHAMapStore
     std::thread thread_;
     bool stop_ = false;
     bool healthy_ = true;
+    // Used to prevent ledger gaps from forming during online deletion. Keeps
+    // track of the last validated ledger that was processed without gaps. There
+    // are no guarantees about gaps while online delete is not running. For
+    // that, use advisory_delete and check for gaps externally.
+    LedgerIndex lastGoodValidatedLedger_ = 0;
     mutable std::condition_variable cond_;
     mutable std::condition_variable rendezvous_;
     mutable std::mutex mutex_;
@@ -102,12 +107,12 @@ class SHAMapStoreImp : public SHAMapStore
     std::chrono::milliseconds backOff_{100};
     std::chrono::seconds ageThreshold_{60};
     /**
-     * If  the node is out of sync during an online_delete healthWait()
-     * call, sleep the thread for this time, and continue checking until
-     * recovery.
+     * If  the node is out of sync, or any recent ledgers are not
+     * available during an online_delete healthWait() call, sleep
+     * the thread for this time, and continue checking until recovery.
      * See also: "recovery_wait_seconds" in xrpld-example.cfg
      */
-    std::chrono::seconds recoveryWaitTime_{5};
+    std::chrono::seconds recoveryWaitTime_{2};
 
     // these do not exist upon SHAMapStore creation, but do exist
     // as of run() or before
@@ -163,8 +168,8 @@ class SHAMapStoreImp : public SHAMapStore
     void
     onLedgerClosed(std::shared_ptr<Ledger const> const& ledger) override;
 
-    void
-    rendezvous() const override;
+    bool
+    rendezvous(std::optional<std::chrono::milliseconds> const& timeout = {}) const override;
     int
     fdRequired() const override;