diff --git a/.circleci/config.pkl b/.circleci/config.pkl
index 0a299a1e5..5ca21f1a9 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.pkl
+++ b/.circleci/config.pkl
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import "jobs/DeployJob.pkl"
 import "jobs/GradleCheckJob.pkl"
 import "jobs/SimpleGradleJob.pkl"
 
-local prbJobs: Listing<String> = gradleCheckJobs.keys.toListing()
+local prbJobs: Listing<String> = (gradleCheckJobs.keys + buildNativeJobs.keys.filter((it) -> it.startsWith("libpkl") && it.endsWith("snapshot"))).toListing() 
 
 local buildAndTestJobs = (prbJobs) {
   "bench"
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ triggerPackageDocsBuild = "release"
 
 local buildNativeJobs: Mapping<String, BuildNativeJob> = new {
   for (_dist in List("release", "snapshot")) {
-    for (_project in List("pkl-cli", "pkl-doc")) {
+    for (_project in List("pkl-cli", "pkl-doc", "libpkl")) {
       for (_arch in List("amd64", "aarch64")) {
         for (_os in List("macOS", "linux")) {
           ["\(_project)-\(_os)-\(_arch)-\(_dist)"] {
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ local buildNativeJobs: Mapping<String, BuildNativeJob> = new {
             os = _os
             isRelease = _dist == "release"
             project = _project
+            buildDir = if (_project == "libpkl") "libpkl/build/native-libs/" else "\(_project)/build/executable/"
           }
         }
       }
@@ -98,12 +99,14 @@ local buildNativeJobs: Mapping<String, BuildNativeJob> = new {
         musl = true
         isRelease = _dist == "release"
         project = _project
+        buildDir = if (_project == "libpkl") "libpkl/build/native-libs/" else "\(_project)/build/executable/"
       }
       ["\(_project)-windows-amd64-\(_dist)"] {
         arch = "amd64"
         os = "windows"
         isRelease = _dist == "release"
         project = _project
+        buildDir = if (_project == "libpkl") "libpkl/build/native-libs/" else "\(_project)/build/executable/"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index 3522e0f68..628a0eb67 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
           ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
           ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
@@ -131,6 +133,7 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
           ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
@@ -192,6 +195,7 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
           ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
@@ -269,6 +273,7 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
           ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
@@ -298,16 +303,664 @@ jobs:
             && cp -r . /jdk
         name: Set up environment
         shell: bash.exe
+    - run:
+        command: choco install mingw
+        name: Installing mingw
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+        shell: bash.exe
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: windows.large
+    machine:
+      image: windows-server-2022-gui:current
+  pkl-doc-macOS-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - run:
+        command: /usr/sbin/softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+        name: Installing Rosetta 2
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_mac_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir $HOME/jdk \
+            && cd $HOME/jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-doc:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /Users/distiller/jdk/Contents/Home
+    resource_class: m2pro.large
+    macos:
+      xcode: 15.3.0
+  pkl-doc-linux-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - restore_cache:
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Restore static deps from cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          sed -ie '/\[ol8_codeready_builder\]/,/^$/s/enabled=0/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/oracle-linux-ol8.repo \
+            && microdnf -y install util-linux tree coreutils-single findutils curl tar gzip git zlib-devel gcc-c++ make openssl glibc-langpack-en libstdc++-static \
+            && microdnf clean all \
+            && rm -rf /var/cache/dnf
+
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_linux_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir /jdk \
+            && cd /jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+
+          mkdir -p ~/staticdeps/bin
+
+          cp /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/8/libstdc++.a ~/staticdeps
+
+          # install zlib
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/include/zlib.h ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://github.com/madler/zlib/releases/download/v1.2.13/zlib-1.2.13.tar.gz -o /tmp/zlib.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cat /tmp/zlib.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: configure..." && ./configure --static --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13
+          fi
+
+          # install musl
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://musl.libc.org/releases/musl-1.2.2.tar.gz -o /tmp/musl.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cat /tmp/musl.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: configure..." && ./configure --disable-shared --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2
+
+            # native-image expects to find an executable at this path.
+            ln -s ~/staticdeps/bin/musl-gcc ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc
+          fi
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - save_cache:
+        paths:
+        - ~/staticdeps
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Save statics deps to cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: xlarge
+    docker:
+    - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
+  pkl-doc-macOS-aarch64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_aarch64_mac_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir $HOME/jdk \
+            && cd $HOME/jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /Users/distiller/jdk/Contents/Home
+    resource_class: m2pro.large
+    macos:
+      xcode: 15.3.0
+  pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - restore_cache:
+        key: staticdeps-aarch64
+        name: Restore static deps from cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          sed -ie '/\[ol8_codeready_builder\]/,/^$/s/enabled=0/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/oracle-linux-ol8.repo \
+            && microdnf -y install util-linux tree coreutils-single findutils curl tar gzip git zlib-devel gcc-c++ make openssl glibc-langpack-en libstdc++-static \
+            && microdnf clean all \
+            && rm -rf /var/cache/dnf
+
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_aarch64_linux_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir /jdk \
+            && cd /jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+
+          mkdir -p ~/staticdeps/bin
+
+          cp /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-redhat-linux/8/libstdc++.a ~/staticdeps
+
+          # install zlib
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/include/zlib.h ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://github.com/madler/zlib/releases/download/v1.2.13/zlib-1.2.13.tar.gz -o /tmp/zlib.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cat /tmp/zlib.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: configure..." && ./configure --static --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13
+          fi
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - save_cache:
+        paths:
+        - ~/staticdeps
+        key: staticdeps-aarch64
+        name: Save statics deps to cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: arm.xlarge
+    docker:
+    - image: arm64v8/oraclelinux:8-slim
+  pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - restore_cache:
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Restore static deps from cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          sed -ie '/\[ol8_codeready_builder\]/,/^$/s/enabled=0/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/oracle-linux-ol8.repo \
+            && microdnf -y install util-linux tree coreutils-single findutils curl tar gzip git zlib-devel gcc-c++ make openssl glibc-langpack-en libstdc++-static \
+            && microdnf clean all \
+            && rm -rf /var/cache/dnf
+
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_linux_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir /jdk \
+            && cd /jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+
+          mkdir -p ~/staticdeps/bin
+
+          cp /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/8/libstdc++.a ~/staticdeps
+
+          # install zlib
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/include/zlib.h ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://github.com/madler/zlib/releases/download/v1.2.13/zlib-1.2.13.tar.gz -o /tmp/zlib.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cat /tmp/zlib.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: configure..." && ./configure --static --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13
+          fi
+
+          # install musl
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://musl.libc.org/releases/musl-1.2.2.tar.gz -o /tmp/musl.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cat /tmp/musl.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: configure..." && ./configure --disable-shared --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2
+
+            # native-image expects to find an executable at this path.
+            ln -s ~/staticdeps/bin/musl-gcc ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc
+          fi
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - save_cache:
+        paths:
+        - ~/staticdeps
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Save statics deps to cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: xlarge
+    docker:
+    - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
+  pkl-doc-windows-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+          https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_windows_hotspot_21.0.5_11.zip -o /tmp/jdk.zip
+
+          unzip /tmp/jdk.zip -d /tmp/jdk \
+            && cd /tmp/jdk/jdk-* \
+            && mkdir /jdk \
+            && cp -r . /jdk
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: bash.exe
+    - run:
+        command: choco install mingw
+        name: Installing mingw
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+        shell: bash.exe
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: windows.large
+    machine:
+      image: windows-server-2022-gui:current
+  libpkl-macOS-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - run:
+        command: /usr/sbin/softwareupdate --install-rosetta --agree-to-license
+        name: Installing Rosetta 2
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_mac_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir $HOME/jdk \
+            && cd $HOME/jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 libpkl:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /Users/distiller/jdk/Contents/Home
+    resource_class: m2pro.large
+    macos:
+      xcode: 15.3.0
+  libpkl-linux-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - restore_cache:
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Restore static deps from cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          sed -ie '/\[ol8_codeready_builder\]/,/^$/s/enabled=0/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/oracle-linux-ol8.repo \
+            && microdnf -y install util-linux tree coreutils-single findutils curl tar gzip git zlib-devel gcc-c++ make openssl glibc-langpack-en libstdc++-static \
+            && microdnf clean all \
+            && rm -rf /var/cache/dnf
+
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_linux_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir /jdk \
+            && cd /jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+
+          mkdir -p ~/staticdeps/bin
+
+          cp /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/8/libstdc++.a ~/staticdeps
+
+          # install zlib
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/include/zlib.h ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://github.com/madler/zlib/releases/download/v1.2.13/zlib-1.2.13.tar.gz -o /tmp/zlib.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cat /tmp/zlib.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: configure..." && ./configure --static --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13
+          fi
+
+          # install musl
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://musl.libc.org/releases/musl-1.2.2.tar.gz -o /tmp/musl.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cat /tmp/musl.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: configure..." && ./configure --disable-shared --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2
+
+            # native-image expects to find an executable at this path.
+            ln -s ~/staticdeps/bin/musl-gcc ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc
+          fi
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - save_cache:
+        paths:
+        - ~/staticdeps
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Save statics deps to cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true libpkl:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: xlarge
+    docker:
+    - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
+  libpkl-macOS-aarch64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_aarch64_mac_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir $HOME/jdk \
+            && cd $HOME/jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true libpkl:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /Users/distiller/jdk/Contents/Home
+    resource_class: m2pro.large
+    macos:
+      xcode: 15.3.0
+  libpkl-linux-aarch64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - restore_cache:
+        key: staticdeps-aarch64
+        name: Restore static deps from cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          sed -ie '/\[ol8_codeready_builder\]/,/^$/s/enabled=0/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/oracle-linux-ol8.repo \
+            && microdnf -y install util-linux tree coreutils-single findutils curl tar gzip git zlib-devel gcc-c++ make openssl glibc-langpack-en libstdc++-static \
+            && microdnf clean all \
+            && rm -rf /var/cache/dnf
+
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_aarch64_linux_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir /jdk \
+            && cd /jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+
+          mkdir -p ~/staticdeps/bin
+
+          cp /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-redhat-linux/8/libstdc++.a ~/staticdeps
+
+          # install zlib
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/include/zlib.h ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://github.com/madler/zlib/releases/download/v1.2.13/zlib-1.2.13.tar.gz -o /tmp/zlib.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cat /tmp/zlib.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: configure..." && ./configure --static --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13
+          fi
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - save_cache:
+        paths:
+        - ~/staticdeps
+        key: staticdeps-aarch64
+        name: Save statics deps to cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true libpkl:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: arm.xlarge
+    docker:
+    - image: arm64v8/oraclelinux:8-slim
+  libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - restore_cache:
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Restore static deps from cache
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          sed -ie '/\[ol8_codeready_builder\]/,/^$/s/enabled=0/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/oracle-linux-ol8.repo \
+            && microdnf -y install util-linux tree coreutils-single findutils curl tar gzip git zlib-devel gcc-c++ make openssl glibc-langpack-en libstdc++-static \
+            && microdnf clean all \
+            && rm -rf /var/cache/dnf
+
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+           https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_linux_hotspot_21.0.5_11.tar.gz -o /tmp/jdk.tar.gz
+
+          mkdir /jdk \
+            && cd /jdk \
+            && cat /tmp/jdk.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC .
+
+          mkdir -p ~/staticdeps/bin
+
+          cp /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/8/libstdc++.a ~/staticdeps
+
+          # install zlib
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/include/zlib.h ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://github.com/madler/zlib/releases/download/v1.2.13/zlib-1.2.13.tar.gz -o /tmp/zlib.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13 \
+            && cat /tmp/zlib.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: configure..." && ./configure --static --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "zlib-1.2.13: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_zlib-1.2.13
+          fi
+
+          # install musl
+          if [[ ! -f ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc ]]; then
+            curl -Lf https://musl.libc.org/releases/musl-1.2.2.tar.gz -o /tmp/musl.tar.gz
+
+            mkdir -p /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cd /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2 \
+            && cat /tmp/musl.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC . \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: configure..." && ./configure --disable-shared --prefix="$HOME"/staticdeps > /dev/null \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make..." && make -s -j4 \
+            && echo "musl-1.2.2: make install..." && make -s install \
+            && rm -rf /tmp/dep_musl-1.2.2
+
+            # native-image expects to find an executable at this path.
+            ln -s ~/staticdeps/bin/musl-gcc ~/staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc
+          fi
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: '#!/bin/bash -exo pipefail'
+    - save_cache:
+        paths:
+        - ~/staticdeps
+        key: staticdeps-amd64
+        name: Save statics deps to cache
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.musl=true libpkl:buildNative
+        name: gradle buildNative
+    - persist_to_workspace:
+        root: '.'
+        paths:
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
+    - store_test_results:
+        path: ~/test-results
+    environment:
+      LANG: en_US.UTF-8
+      JAVA_HOME: /jdk
+    resource_class: xlarge
+    docker:
+    - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
+  libpkl-windows-amd64-release:
+    steps:
+    - checkout
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          # install jdk
+          curl -Lf \
+          https://github.com/adoptium/temurin21-binaries/releases/download/jdk-21.0.5%2B11/OpenJDK21U-jdk_x64_windows_hotspot_21.0.5_11.zip -o /tmp/jdk.zip
+
+          unzip /tmp/jdk.zip -d /tmp/jdk \
+            && cd /tmp/jdk/jdk-* \
+            && mkdir /jdk \
+            && cp -r . /jdk
+        name: Set up environment
+        shell: bash.exe
+    - run:
+        command: choco install mingw
+        name: Installing mingw
+    - run:
+        command: |-
+          export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
         shell: bash.exe
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -316,7 +969,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: windows.large
     machine:
       image: windows-server-2022-gui:current
-  pkl-doc-macOS-amd64-release:
+  pkl-cli-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -336,12 +989,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -350,7 +1004,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: m2pro.large
     macos:
       xcode: 15.3.0
-  pkl-doc-linux-amd64-release:
+  pkl-cli-linux-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -413,12 +1067,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -427,7 +1082,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: xlarge
     docker:
     - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-doc-macOS-aarch64-release:
+  pkl-cli-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -444,12 +1099,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -458,7 +1114,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: m2pro.large
     macos:
       xcode: 15.3.0
-  pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-release:
+  pkl-cli-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -505,12 +1161,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -519,7 +1176,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: arm.xlarge
     docker:
     - image: arm64v8/oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-release:
+  pkl-cli-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -582,12 +1239,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -596,7 +1254,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: xlarge
     docker:
     - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-doc-windows-amd64-release:
+  pkl-cli-windows-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -611,16 +1269,20 @@ jobs:
             && cp -r . /jdk
         name: Set up environment
         shell: bash.exe
+    - run:
+        command: choco install mingw
+        name: Installing mingw
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -DreleaseBuild=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
         shell: bash.exe
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -629,7 +1291,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: windows.large
     machine:
       image: windows-server-2022-gui:current
-  pkl-cli-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
+  pkl-doc-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -649,12 +1311,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-doc:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -663,7 +1326,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: m2pro.large
     macos:
       xcode: 15.3.0
-  pkl-cli-linux-amd64-snapshot:
+  pkl-doc-linux-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -726,12 +1389,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -740,7 +1404,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: xlarge
     docker:
     - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-cli-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
+  pkl-doc-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -757,12 +1421,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -771,7 +1436,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: m2pro.large
     macos:
       xcode: 15.3.0
-  pkl-cli-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
+  pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -818,12 +1483,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -832,7 +1498,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: arm.xlarge
     docker:
     - image: arm64v8/oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-cli-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
+  pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -895,12 +1561,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-doc:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -909,7 +1576,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: xlarge
     docker:
     - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-cli-windows-amd64-snapshot:
+  pkl-doc-windows-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -924,16 +1591,20 @@ jobs:
             && cp -r . /jdk
         name: Set up environment
         shell: bash.exe
+    - run:
+        command: choco install mingw
+        name: Installing mingw
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-cli:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
         shell: bash.exe
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-cli/build/executable/
+        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -942,7 +1613,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: windows.large
     machine:
       image: windows-server-2022-gui:current
-  pkl-doc-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
+  libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -962,12 +1633,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.targetArch=amd64 libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -976,7 +1648,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: m2pro.large
     macos:
       xcode: 15.3.0
-  pkl-doc-linux-amd64-snapshot:
+  libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -1039,12 +1711,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -1053,7 +1726,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: xlarge
     docker:
     - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-doc-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
+  libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -1070,12 +1743,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -1084,7 +1758,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: m2pro.large
     macos:
       xcode: 15.3.0
-  pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
+  libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -1131,12 +1805,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -1145,7 +1820,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: arm.xlarge
     docker:
     - image: arm64v8/oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
+  libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - restore_cache:
@@ -1208,12 +1883,13 @@ jobs:
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.musl=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true -Dpkl.musl=true libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -1222,7 +1898,7 @@ jobs:
     resource_class: xlarge
     docker:
     - image: oraclelinux:8-slim
-  pkl-doc-windows-amd64-snapshot:
+  libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot:
     steps:
     - checkout
     - run:
@@ -1237,16 +1913,20 @@ jobs:
             && cp -r . /jdk
         name: Set up environment
         shell: bash.exe
+    - run:
+        command: choco install mingw
+        name: Installing mingw
     - run:
         command: |-
           export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
-          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true pkl-doc:buildNative
+          export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
+          ./gradlew --info --stacktrace -DtestReportsDir=${HOME}/test-results -DpklMultiJdkTesting=true libpkl:buildNative
         name: gradle buildNative
         shell: bash.exe
     - persist_to_workspace:
         root: '.'
         paths:
-        - pkl-doc/build/executable/
+        - libpkl/build/native-libs/
     - store_test_results:
         path: ~/test-results
     environment:
@@ -1417,6 +2097,24 @@ workflows:
     - gradle-check-windows:
         requires:
         - hold
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
+        requires:
+        - hold
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot:
+        requires:
+        - hold
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
+        requires:
+        - hold
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
+        requires:
+        - hold
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
+        requires:
+        - hold
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot:
+        requires:
+        - hold
     when:
       matches:
         value: << pipeline.git.branch >>
@@ -1425,6 +2123,12 @@ workflows:
     jobs:
     - gradle-check
     - gradle-check-windows
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot
     - bench
     - gradle-compatibility
     - pkl-cli-macOS-amd64-snapshot
@@ -1439,10 +2143,22 @@ workflows:
     - pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-snapshot
     - pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
     - pkl-doc-windows-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot
     - deploy-snapshot:
         requires:
         - gradle-check
         - gradle-check-windows
+        - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot
         - bench
         - gradle-compatibility
         - pkl-cli-macOS-amd64-snapshot
@@ -1457,6 +2173,12 @@ workflows:
         - pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-snapshot
         - pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
         - pkl-doc-windows-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot
         context: pkl-maven-release
     - trigger-docsite-build:
         requires:
@@ -1481,6 +2203,42 @@ workflows:
             ignore: /.*/
           tags:
             only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
     - bench:
         filters:
           branches:
@@ -1565,10 +2323,52 @@ workflows:
             ignore: /.*/
           tags:
             only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-release:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-release:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-release:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-release:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-release:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-release:
+        filters:
+          branches:
+            ignore: /.*/
+          tags:
+            only: /^v?\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/
     - github-release:
         requires:
         - gradle-check
         - gradle-check-windows
+        - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
+        - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot
         - bench
         - gradle-compatibility
         - pkl-cli-macOS-amd64-release
@@ -1583,6 +2383,12 @@ workflows:
         - pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-release
         - pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-release
         - pkl-doc-windows-amd64-release
+        - libpkl-macOS-amd64-release
+        - libpkl-linux-amd64-release
+        - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-release
+        - libpkl-linux-aarch64-release
+        - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-release
+        - libpkl-windows-amd64-release
         context: pkl-github-release
         filters:
           branches:
@@ -1612,6 +2418,12 @@ workflows:
     jobs:
     - gradle-check
     - gradle-check-windows
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-snapshot
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-snapshot
     - bench
     - gradle-compatibility
     - pkl-cli-macOS-amd64-release
@@ -1626,6 +2438,12 @@ workflows:
     - pkl-doc-linux-aarch64-release
     - pkl-doc-linux-alpine-amd64-release
     - pkl-doc-windows-amd64-release
+    - libpkl-macOS-amd64-release
+    - libpkl-linux-amd64-release
+    - libpkl-macOS-aarch64-release
+    - libpkl-linux-aarch64-release
+    - libpkl-linux-alpine-amd64-release
+    - libpkl-windows-amd64-release
     when:
       matches:
         value: << pipeline.git.branch >>
diff --git a/.circleci/jobs/BuildNativeJob.pkl b/.circleci/jobs/BuildNativeJob.pkl
index 83a7ff4cc..ec5b5ffcf 100644
--- a/.circleci/jobs/BuildNativeJob.pkl
+++ b/.circleci/jobs/BuildNativeJob.pkl
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ project: String
 
 javaVersion = "21.0"
 
+/// The build directory that artifacts are written to
+buildDir: String
+
 extraGradleArgs {
   when (os == "macOS" && arch == "amd64") {
     "-Dpkl.targetArch=\(arch)"
@@ -150,6 +153,14 @@ steps {
     }
     setupMacEnvironment
   }
+  when (os == "windows") {
+    new Config.RunStep {
+      name = "Installing mingw"
+      command = """
+        choco install mingw
+        """
+    }
+  }
   new Config.RunStep {
     name = "gradle buildNative"
     when (module.os == "windows") {
@@ -158,13 +169,14 @@ steps {
     command =
       #"""
       export PATH=~/staticdeps/bin:$PATH
+      export PATH=/c/ProgramData/mingw64/mingw64/bin:$PATH
       ./gradlew \#(module.gradleArgs) \#(project):buildNative
       """#
   }
   new Config.PersistToWorkspaceStep {
     root = "."
     paths {
-      "\(project)/build/executable/"
+      buildDir
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml b/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml
index d723e4a15..ae601cd4e 100644
--- a/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml
+++ b/.idea/inspectionProfiles/Project_Default.xml
@@ -68,10 +68,13 @@
       <option name="REPORT_NULLS_PASSED_TO_NON_ANNOTATED_METHOD" value="true" />
     </inspection_tool>
     <inspection_tool class="SameParameterValue" enabled="false" level="WARNING" enabled_by_default="false" />
+    <inspection_tool class="ShellCheck" enabled="true" level="ERROR" enabled_by_default="true">
+      <shellcheck_settings value="SC2129" />
+    </inspection_tool>
     <inspection_tool class="SpellCheckingInspection" enabled="false" level="TYPO" enabled_by_default="false">
       <option name="processCode" value="true" />
       <option name="processLiterals" value="true" />
       <option name="processComments" value="true" />
     </inspection_tool>
   </profile>
-</component>
+</component>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bench/gradle.lockfile b/bench/gradle.lockfile
index ce9ca1889..798831a7d 100644
--- a/bench/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/bench/gradle.lockfile
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathJmh,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathJmh,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/BuildInfo.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/BuildInfo.kt
index 0f9a3dd06..a2fa31842 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/BuildInfo.kt
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/BuildInfo.kt
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@
  */
 @file:Suppress("MemberVisibilityCanBePrivate")
 
+import Target.Arch
+import Target.OS
 import java.io.File
+import org.gradle.api.GradleException
 import org.gradle.api.Project
 import org.gradle.api.artifacts.VersionCatalog
 import org.gradle.api.artifacts.VersionCatalogsExtension
@@ -76,11 +79,10 @@ open class BuildInfo(private val project: Project) {
     val graalVmJdkVersion: String by lazy { libs.findVersion("graalVmJdkVersion").get().toString() }
 
     val osName: String by lazy {
-      when {
-        os.isMacOsX -> "macos"
-        os.isLinux -> "linux"
-        os.isWindows -> "windows"
-        else -> throw RuntimeException("${os.familyName} is not supported.")
+      when (os) {
+        OS.MacOS -> "macos"
+        OS.Linux -> "linux"
+        OS.Windows -> "windows"
       }
     }
 
@@ -101,29 +103,31 @@ open class BuildInfo(private val project: Project) {
     val installDir: File by lazy { File(homeDir, baseName) }
 
     val baseDir: String by lazy {
-      if (os.isMacOsX) "$installDir/Contents/Home" else installDir.toString()
+      if (os.isMacOS) "$installDir/Contents/Home" else installDir.toString()
     }
   }
 
+  /** The target machine to build, defaulting to the host system machine. */
+  val targetMachine: Target by lazy { Target.from(os = os, arch = targetArch, musl = musl) }
+
   /** The target architecture to build, defaulting to the system architecture. */
-  val targetArch by lazy { System.getProperty("pkl.targetArch") ?: arch }
+  val targetArch: Arch by lazy { System.getProperty("pkl.targetArch")?.let(Arch::fromName) ?: arch }
 
   /** Tells if this is a cross-arch build (e.g. targeting amd64 when on an aarch64 machine). */
   val isCrossArch by lazy { arch != targetArch }
 
   /** Tells if cross-arch builds are supported on this machine. */
-  val isCrossArchSupported by lazy { os.isMacOsX }
+  val isCrossArchSupported by lazy { os.isMacOS }
 
   /** Whether to build native executables using the musl toolchain or not. */
   val musl: Boolean by lazy { java.lang.Boolean.getBoolean("pkl.musl") }
 
-  /** Same logic as [org.gradle.internal.os.OperatingSystem#arch], which is protected. */
-  val arch: String by lazy {
+  val arch: Arch by lazy {
     when (val arch = System.getProperty("os.arch")) {
-      "x86" -> "i386"
-      "x86_64" -> "amd64"
-      "powerpc" -> "ppc"
-      else -> arch
+      "x86_64",
+      "amd64" -> Arch.AMD64
+      "aarch64" -> Arch.AARCH64
+      else -> throw GradleException("Cannot build Pkl on arch: $arch")
     }
   }
 
@@ -359,8 +363,14 @@ open class BuildInfo(private val project: Project) {
     File(System.getProperty("user.home"), "staticdeps/bin/x86_64-linux-musl-gcc").exists()
   }
 
-  val os: org.gradle.internal.os.OperatingSystem by lazy {
-    org.gradle.internal.os.OperatingSystem.current()
+  val os: OS by lazy {
+    val currentOs = org.gradle.internal.os.OperatingSystem.current()
+    when {
+      currentOs.isMacOsX -> OS.MacOS
+      currentOs.isLinux -> OS.Linux
+      currentOs.isWindows -> OS.Windows
+      else -> throw GradleException("Cannot build on ${currentOs.name}")
+    }
   }
 
   // could be `commitId: Provider<String> = project.provider { ... }`
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/CArchive.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/CArchive.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..668ea3b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/CArchive.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import Target.OS
+import javax.inject.Inject
+import org.gradle.api.DefaultTask
+import org.gradle.api.file.ConfigurableFileCollection
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFiles
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFile
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskAction
+import org.gradle.process.ExecOperations
+
+/**
+ * Task for creating static libraries from object files.
+ *
+ * Supports both Unix `ar` and Windows `lib.exe`.
+ */
+abstract class CArchive : DefaultTask() {
+  /** The object files to archive. */
+  @get:InputFiles abstract val objectFiles: ConfigurableFileCollection
+
+  /** The output static library file. */
+  @get:OutputFile abstract val outputFile: RegularFileProperty
+
+  @get:Inject protected abstract val execOperations: ExecOperations
+
+  private val buildInfo: BuildInfo = project.extensions.getByType(BuildInfo::class.java)
+
+  init {
+    group = "build"
+  }
+
+  @TaskAction
+  fun archive() {
+    outputFile.get().asFile.delete()
+    when (buildInfo.os) {
+      OS.Linux,
+      OS.MacOS -> archiveWithAr()
+      OS.Windows -> archiveWithLib()
+    }
+    logger.info("Created static library -> ${outputFile.get().asFile.name}")
+  }
+
+  private fun archiveWithAr() {
+    val output = outputFile.get().asFile
+    output.parentFile.mkdirs()
+
+    val args = buildList {
+      add("ar")
+      add("-rcs")
+      add(output.absolutePath)
+      objectFiles.files.forEach { file -> add(file.absolutePath) }
+    }
+
+    execOperations.exec {
+      workingDir = project.projectDir
+      commandLine(args)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun archiveWithLib() {
+    val output = outputFile.get().asFile
+    output.parentFile.mkdirs()
+
+    val args = buildList {
+      add("lib.exe")
+      add("/OUT:${output.absolutePath}")
+      objectFiles.files.forEach { file -> add(file.absolutePath) }
+    }
+
+    execOperations.exec {
+      workingDir = project.projectDir
+      commandLine(args)
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/CCompile.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/CCompile.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92a5edfa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/CCompile.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import Target.OS
+import javax.inject.Inject
+import org.gradle.api.DefaultTask
+import org.gradle.api.file.ConfigurableFileCollection
+import org.gradle.api.file.DirectoryProperty
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty
+import org.gradle.api.provider.ListProperty
+import org.gradle.api.provider.MapProperty
+import org.gradle.api.provider.Property
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.Input
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFiles
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.Optional
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputDirectory
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFile
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskAction
+import org.gradle.process.ExecOperations
+
+/**
+ * Task for compiling C source files to object files or executables. Supports both GCC/Clang and
+ * MSVC compilers.
+ */
+abstract class CCompile : DefaultTask() {
+  /** The C source files to compile. */
+  @get:InputFiles abstract val sourceFiles: ConfigurableFileCollection
+
+  /** The include directories for compilation. */
+  @get:InputFiles abstract val includeDirs: ConfigurableFileCollection
+
+  /** Preprocessor definitions. */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val defines: MapProperty<String, String>
+
+  /** C standard version (e.g., "c11", "c17", "gnu11"). */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val cStandard: Property<String>
+
+  /** Optimization level (e.g., "0", "1", "2", "3", "s", "fast"). */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val optimizationLevel: Property<String>
+
+  /** Whether to include debug symbols. */
+  @get:Input abstract val debugSymbols: Property<Boolean>
+
+  /** Whether to generate position-independent code (GCC/Clang only). */
+  @get:Input abstract val positionIndependentCode: Property<Boolean>
+
+  /** Warning flags (GCC/Clang: prefixed with -W, e.g., "all", "extra"). */
+  @get:Input abstract val warningFlags: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** Warning level for MSVC (0-4). */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val warningLevel: Property<Int>
+
+  /** Feature flags (GCC/Clang only, prefixed with -f). */
+  @get:Input abstract val featureFlags: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** Machine-specific flags (GCC/Clang only, prefixed with -m). */
+  @get:Input abstract val machineFlags: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** Runtime library for MSVC (e.g., "MT", "MD", "MTd", "MDd"). */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val runtimeLibrary: Property<String>
+
+  /** Additional compiler arguments. */
+  @get:Input abstract val compilerArgs: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** The architecture to compile for (macOS only). */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val arch: Property<Target.Arch>
+
+  // ===== Linking properties =====
+
+  /** Whether to link into an executable (true) or just compile to object files (false). */
+  @get:Input abstract val link: Property<Boolean>
+
+  /** Library search paths. */
+  @get:InputFiles @get:Optional abstract val libraryPaths: ConfigurableFileCollection
+
+  /** Libraries to link by name. */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val libraries: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** Direct library files to link. */
+  @get:InputFiles @get:Optional abstract val libraryFiles: ConfigurableFileCollection
+
+  /** Linker flags. */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val linkerFlags: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** macOS frameworks to link (GCC/Clang only). */
+  @get:Input @get:Optional abstract val frameworks: ListProperty<String>
+
+  /** Output file when linking (executable name). */
+  @get:OutputFile @get:Optional abstract val outputFile: RegularFileProperty
+
+  /** Create a shared library (dll, dylib, so). */
+  @get:Input abstract val sharedLibrary: Property<Boolean>
+
+  /** The output directory for object files (when not linking). */
+  @get:OutputDirectory @get:Optional abstract val outputDir: DirectoryProperty
+
+  @get:Inject protected abstract val execOperations: ExecOperations
+
+  private val buildInfo: BuildInfo = project.extensions.getByType(BuildInfo::class.java)
+
+  init {
+    group = "build"
+    // Defaults
+    link.convention(false)
+    debugSymbols.convention(false)
+    positionIndependentCode.convention(false)
+    sharedLibrary.convention(false)
+    warningFlags.convention(listOf("all", "extra"))
+    warningLevel.convention(3)
+    featureFlags.convention(emptyList())
+    machineFlags.convention(emptyList())
+    compilerArgs.convention(emptyList())
+    defines.convention(emptyMap())
+    libraries.convention(emptyList())
+    linkerFlags.convention(emptyList())
+    frameworks.convention(emptyList())
+  }
+
+  @TaskAction
+  fun compile() {
+    if (link.get()) {
+      compileAndLink()
+    } else {
+      compileOnly()
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun compileOnly() {
+    val outputDirectory = outputDir.get().asFile
+    outputDirectory.mkdirs()
+
+    val cFiles = sourceFiles.files.filter { it.extension == "c" }
+
+    if (cFiles.isEmpty()) {
+      logger.info("No C files to compile")
+      return
+    }
+
+    cFiles.forEach { cFile ->
+      when (buildInfo.targetMachine.os) {
+        OS.Linux,
+        OS.MacOS -> compileFileGCC(cFile, outputDirectory)
+        OS.Windows -> compileFileMSVC(cFile, outputDirectory)
+      }
+    }
+    cFiles.forEach { cFile ->
+      val objectFile = outputDirectory.resolve("${cFile.nameWithoutExtension}.o")
+      logger.info("Compiled ${cFile.name} -> ${objectFile.name}")
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun compileFileGCC(cFile: java.io.File, outputDirectory: java.io.File) {
+    val objectFile = outputDirectory.resolve("${cFile.nameWithoutExtension}.o")
+
+    val args = buildList {
+      add("cc")
+      add("-c")
+      addAll(buildCompilerFlagsGCC())
+      add(cFile.absolutePath)
+      add("-o")
+      add(objectFile.absolutePath)
+    }
+
+    execOperations.exec {
+      workingDir = project.projectDir
+      commandLine(args)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun compileFileMSVC(cFile: java.io.File, outputDirectory: java.io.File) {
+    val objectFile = outputDirectory.resolve("${cFile.nameWithoutExtension}.obj")
+
+    val args = buildList {
+      add("cl.exe")
+      add("/c")
+      addAll(buildCompilerFlagsMSVC())
+      add("/Fo${objectFile.absolutePath}")
+      add(cFile.absolutePath)
+    }
+
+    execOperations.exec {
+      workingDir = project.projectDir
+      commandLine(args)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun compileAndLink() {
+    when (buildInfo.targetMachine.os) {
+      OS.Linux,
+      OS.MacOS -> compileAndLinkGCC()
+      OS.Windows -> compileAndLinkMSVC()
+    }
+
+    logger.info("Compiled and linked -> ${outputFile.get().asFile.name}")
+  }
+
+  private fun compileAndLinkGCC() {
+    val output = outputFile.get().asFile
+
+    val args = buildList {
+      add("cc")
+      addAll(buildCompilerFlagsGCC())
+
+      // Add source/object files
+      sourceFiles.files.forEach { file -> add(file.absolutePath) }
+
+      // Library search paths
+      libraryPaths.files.forEach { dir -> add("-L${dir.absolutePath}") }
+
+      // Libraries by name
+      libraries.get().forEach { lib -> add("-l${lib}") }
+
+      // Direct library files
+      libraryFiles.files.forEach { file -> add(file.absolutePath) }
+
+      // Linker flags
+      if (linkerFlags.get().isNotEmpty()) {
+        add("-Wl,${linkerFlags.get().joinToString(",")}")
+      }
+
+      // macOS frameworks
+      if (buildInfo.os.isMacOS) {
+        frameworks.get().forEach { framework ->
+          add("-framework")
+          add(framework)
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (sharedLibrary.get()) {
+        add("-shared")
+      }
+
+      // Output file
+      add("-o")
+      add(output.absolutePath)
+    }
+
+    output.parentFile.mkdirs()
+
+    execOperations.exec {
+      workingDir = project.projectDir
+      commandLine(args)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun compileAndLinkMSVC() {
+    val output = outputFile.get().asFile
+    output.parentFile.mkdirs()
+
+    val args = buildList {
+      add("cl.exe")
+      addAll(buildCompilerFlagsMSVC())
+
+      // Output executable
+      add("/Fe${output.absolutePath}")
+
+      // Add source/object files
+      sourceFiles.files.forEach { file -> add(file.absolutePath) }
+
+      // Linker section
+      if (
+        libraryPaths.files.isNotEmpty() ||
+          libraries.get().isNotEmpty() ||
+          libraryFiles.files.isNotEmpty() ||
+          linkerFlags.get().isNotEmpty()
+      ) {
+        add("/link")
+
+        if (sharedLibrary.get()) {
+          add("/DLL")
+        }
+
+        // Library search paths
+        libraryPaths.files.forEach { dir -> add("/LIBPATH:${dir.absolutePath}") }
+
+        // Library files by name
+        libraries.get().forEach { lib -> add(lib) }
+
+        // Direct library files
+        libraryFiles.files.forEach { file -> add(file.absolutePath) }
+
+        // Additional linker flags
+        addAll(linkerFlags.get())
+      }
+    }
+
+    execOperations.exec {
+      workingDir = project.projectDir
+      commandLine(args)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fun buildCompilerFlagsGCC(): List<String> = buildList {
+    // Warning flags
+    warningFlags.get().forEach { flag -> add("-W${flag}") }
+
+    // Include directories
+    includeDirs.files.forEach { dir -> add("-I${dir.absolutePath}") }
+
+    // Preprocessor definitions
+    defines.get().forEach { (key, value) ->
+      if (value.isEmpty()) {
+        add("-D${key}")
+      } else {
+        add("-D${key}=${value}")
+      }
+    }
+
+    // C standard
+    if (cStandard.isPresent) {
+      add("-std=${cStandard.get()}")
+    }
+
+    // Optimization level
+    if (optimizationLevel.isPresent) {
+      add("-O${optimizationLevel.get()}")
+    }
+
+    // Debug symbols
+    if (debugSymbols.get()) {
+      add("-g")
+    }
+
+    // Position-independent code
+    if (positionIndependentCode.get()) {
+      add("-fPIC")
+    }
+
+    // Feature flags
+    featureFlags.get().forEach { flag -> add("-f${flag}") }
+
+    // Machine flags
+    machineFlags.get().forEach { flag -> add("-m${flag}") }
+
+    // Platform-specific flags
+    if (buildInfo.os.isMacOS && arch.isPresent) {
+      add("-arch")
+      add(arch.get().cCompilerName)
+    }
+
+    // Additional compiler arguments
+    addAll(compilerArgs.get())
+  }
+
+  private fun buildCompilerFlagsMSVC(): List<String> = buildList {
+    // Warning level
+    if (warningLevel.isPresent) {
+      add("/W${warningLevel.get()}")
+    }
+
+    // Include directories
+    includeDirs.files.forEach { dir -> add("/I${dir.absolutePath}") }
+
+    // Preprocessor definitions
+    defines.get().forEach { (key, value) ->
+      if (value.isEmpty()) {
+        add("/D${key}")
+      } else {
+        add("/D${key}=${value}")
+      }
+    }
+
+    // C standard
+    if (cStandard.isPresent) {
+      add("/std:${cStandard.get()}")
+    }
+
+    // Optimization level
+    if (optimizationLevel.isPresent) {
+      when (optimizationLevel.get().lowercase()) {
+        "0",
+        "d" -> add("/Od")
+        "1" -> add("/O1")
+        "2" -> add("/O2")
+        "x",
+        "fast" -> add("/Ox")
+        "s" -> add("/Os")
+        "t" -> add("/Ot")
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Debug symbols
+    if (debugSymbols.get()) {
+      add("/Zi")
+    }
+
+    // Runtime library
+    if (runtimeLibrary.isPresent) {
+      add("/${runtimeLibrary.get()}")
+    }
+
+    // Additional compiler arguments
+    addAll(compilerArgs.get())
+  }
+}
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/NativeImageBuild.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/NativeImageBuild.kt
index a16ea723b..66ed26224 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/NativeImageBuild.kt
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/NativeImageBuild.kt
@@ -16,50 +16,65 @@
 import javax.inject.Inject
 import org.gradle.api.DefaultTask
 import org.gradle.api.file.ConfigurableFileCollection
+import org.gradle.api.file.DirectoryProperty
+import org.gradle.api.file.FileCollection
+import org.gradle.api.file.RegularFileProperty
+import org.gradle.api.model.ObjectFactory
 import org.gradle.api.provider.ListProperty
+import org.gradle.api.provider.MapProperty
 import org.gradle.api.provider.Property
 import org.gradle.api.provider.Provider
 import org.gradle.api.services.BuildService
 import org.gradle.api.services.BuildServiceParameters
 import org.gradle.api.tasks.ClasspathNormalizer
 import org.gradle.api.tasks.Input
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFile
 import org.gradle.api.tasks.InputFiles
-import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFile
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.Optional
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputDirectory
+import org.gradle.api.tasks.OutputFiles
 import org.gradle.api.tasks.PathSensitivity
 import org.gradle.api.tasks.TaskAction
 import org.gradle.kotlin.dsl.registerIfAbsent
 import org.gradle.kotlin.dsl.withNormalizer
 import org.gradle.process.ExecOperations
 
-enum class Architecture {
-  AMD64,
-  AARCH64,
-}
-
 abstract class NativeImageBuildService : BuildService<BuildServiceParameters.None>
 
 abstract class NativeImageBuild : DefaultTask() {
-  @get:Input abstract val imageName: Property<String>
+  @get:Input abstract val outputName: Property<String>
 
   @get:Input abstract val extraNativeImageArgs: ListProperty<String>
 
-  @get:Input abstract val arch: Property<Architecture>
+  @get:Input abstract val arch: Property<Target.Arch>
 
-  @get:Input abstract val mainClass: Property<String>
+  /**
+   * The main class entrypoint for the executable.
+   *
+   * This option is not necessary if [sharedLibrary] is true.
+   */
+  @get:Optional @get:Input abstract val mainClass: Property<String>
+
+  /** Create a shared library, instead of an executable. */
+  @get:Input abstract val sharedLibrary: Property<Boolean>
 
   @get:InputFiles abstract val classpath: ConfigurableFileCollection
 
-  private val outputDir = project.layout.buildDirectory.dir("executable")
+  @get:Input abstract val envVars: MapProperty<String, String>
+
+  @get:InputFile @get:Optional abstract val nativeCompilerPath: RegularFileProperty
 
-  @get:OutputFile val outputFile = outputDir.flatMap { it.file(imageName) }
+  @get:OutputDirectory abstract val outputDir: DirectoryProperty
 
   @get:Inject protected abstract val execOperations: ExecOperations
 
+  @get:Inject protected abstract val objectFactory: ObjectFactory
+
   private val graalVm: Provider<BuildInfo.GraalVm> =
     arch.map { a ->
       when (a) {
-        Architecture.AMD64 -> buildInfo.graalVmAmd64
-        Architecture.AARCH64 -> buildInfo.graalVmAarch64
+        Target.Arch.AMD64 -> buildInfo.graalVmAmd64
+        Target.Arch.AARCH64 -> buildInfo.graalVmAarch64
       }
     }
 
@@ -89,6 +104,10 @@ abstract class NativeImageBuild : DefaultTask() {
     // CPU resources).
     usesService(buildService)
 
+    sharedLibrary.convention(false)
+
+    outputDir.convention(project.layout.buildDirectory.dir("executable"))
+
     group = "build"
 
     inputs
@@ -99,6 +118,36 @@ abstract class NativeImageBuild : DefaultTask() {
       .files(nativeImageExecutable)
       .withPropertyName("graalVmNativeImage")
       .withPathSensitivity(PathSensitivity.ABSOLUTE)
+    if (nativeCompilerPath.isPresent) {
+      inputs.file(nativeCompilerPath)
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Suppress("unused")
+  @OutputFiles
+  fun getEffectiveOutputFiles(): FileCollection {
+    return objectFactory
+      .fileCollection()
+      .from(
+        sharedLibrary.map { isLibrary ->
+          val dir = outputDir.get()
+          val libraryName = outputName.get()
+          // if building a library, native-image outputs five files (four headers, and dynamic lib)
+          // otherwise, it outputs just the one file
+          if (isLibrary) {
+            val sharedLibraryExtension = buildInfo.os.sharedLibraryExtension
+            dir.files(
+              "$libraryName.$sharedLibraryExtension",
+              "$libraryName.h",
+              "${libraryName}_dynamic.h",
+              "graal_isolate.h",
+              "graal_isolate_dynamic.h",
+            )
+          } else {
+            dir.file(libraryName)
+          }
+        }
+      )
   }
 
   @TaskAction
@@ -124,9 +173,14 @@ abstract class NativeImageBuild : DefaultTask() {
         add("-H:IncludeResourceBundles=org.pkl.core.errorMessages")
         add("-H:IncludeResourceBundles=org.pkl.parser.errorMessages")
         add("-H:IncludeResources=org/pkl/commons/cli/PklCARoots.pem")
-        add("-H:Class=${mainClass.get()}")
+        if (mainClass.isPresent) {
+          add("-H:Class=${mainClass.get()}")
+        }
+        if (sharedLibrary.get()) {
+          add("--shared")
+        }
         add("-o")
-        add(imageName.get())
+        add(outputName.get())
         // the actual limit (currently) used by native-image is this number + 1400 (idea is to
         // compensate for Truffle's own nodes)
         add("-H:MaxRuntimeCompileMethods=1800")
@@ -156,8 +210,12 @@ abstract class NativeImageBuild : DefaultTask() {
         // make sure dev machine stays responsive (15% slowdown on my laptop)
         val processors =
           Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() /
-            if (buildInfo.os.isMacOsX && !buildInfo.isCiBuild) 4 else 1
+            if (buildInfo.os.isMacOS && !buildInfo.isCiBuild) 4 else 1
         add("-J-XX:ActiveProcessorCount=${processors}")
+        addAll(envVars.get().entries.map { "-E${it.key}=${it.value}" })
+        if (nativeCompilerPath.isPresent) {
+          add("--native-compiler-path=${nativeCompilerPath.get().asFile}")
+        }
         // Pass through all `HOMEBREW_` prefixed environment variables to allow build with shimmed
         // tools.
         addAll(environment.keys.filter { it.startsWith("HOMEBREW_") }.map { "-E$it" })
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/Target.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/Target.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97de08d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/Target.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+@file:Suppress("MemberVisibilityCanBePrivate")
+
+/**
+ * A build target when building native libraries or executables.
+ *
+ * Pkl only builds for the following listed targets.
+ */
+enum class Target(val os: OS, val arch: Arch, val musl: Boolean) {
+  MacosAarch64(os = OS.MacOS, arch = Arch.AARCH64, musl = false),
+  MacosAmd64(os = OS.MacOS, arch = Arch.AMD64, musl = false),
+  LinuxAarch64(os = OS.Linux, arch = Arch.AARCH64, musl = false),
+  LinuxAmd64(os = OS.Linux, arch = Arch.AMD64, musl = false),
+  AlpineLinuxAmd64(os = OS.Linux, arch = Arch.AMD64, musl = true),
+  WindowsAmd64(os = OS.Windows, arch = Arch.AMD64, musl = false);
+
+  companion object {
+    fun from(os: OS, arch: Arch, musl: Boolean): Target {
+      for (target in entries) {
+        if (target.os == os && target.arch == arch && target.musl == musl) {
+          return target
+        }
+      }
+      throw IllegalArgumentException("Cannot build for $os-$arch with musl: $musl")
+    }
+  }
+
+  val targetName: String
+    get() {
+      return if (musl) {
+        assert(os == OS.Linux)
+        "alpine-linux-$arch"
+      } else "$os-$arch"
+    }
+
+  enum class Arch(
+    /** What we call this arch */
+    val simpleName: String,
+    /** What the C compiler calls this arch */
+    val cCompilerName: String,
+  ) {
+    AARCH64("aarch64", "arm64"),
+    AMD64("amd64", "x86_64");
+
+    override fun toString() = simpleName
+
+    companion object {
+      fun fromName(name: String): Arch =
+        when (name) {
+          "aarch64" -> AARCH64
+          "amd64" -> AMD64
+          else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Unknown arch: $name")
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+  enum class OS(
+    val simpleName: String,
+    val sharedLibraryExtension: String,
+    val staticLibraryExtension: String,
+    val objectFileExtension: String,
+    val displayName: String,
+  ) {
+    MacOS("macos", "dylib", "a", "o", "macOS"),
+    Linux("linux", "so", "a", "o", "Linux"),
+    Windows("windows", "dll", "lib", "object", "Windows");
+
+    override fun toString(): String = simpleName
+
+    val isWindows: Boolean
+      get() = this == Windows
+
+    val isMacOS: Boolean
+      get() = this == MacOS
+
+    val isLinux: Boolean
+      get() = this == Linux
+  }
+}
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeExecutable.gradle.kts b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeExecutable.gradle.kts
index 2c604b424..91b5eb207 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeExecutable.gradle.kts
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeExecutable.gradle.kts
@@ -50,34 +50,41 @@ val nativeImageClasspath by
 val libs = the<LibrariesForLibs>()
 
 dependencies {
-  fun executableFile(suffix: String) =
+  fun executableFile(target: Target) =
     files(
       layout.buildDirectory.dir("executable").map { dir ->
-        dir.file(executableSpec.name.map { "$it-$suffix" })
+        dir.file(
+          executableSpec.name.map { name ->
+            if (target.os.isWindows) "$name-${target.targetName}.exe"
+            else "$name-${target.targetName}"
+          }
+        )
       }
     )
+
   nativeImageClasspath(libs.truffleRuntime)
   nativeImageClasspath(libs.graalSdk)
 
-  stagedMacAarch64Executable(executableFile("macos-aarch64"))
-  stagedMacAmd64Executable(executableFile("macos-amd64"))
-  stagedLinuxAmd64Executable(executableFile("linux-amd64"))
-  stagedLinuxAarch64Executable(executableFile("linux-aarch64"))
-  stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable(executableFile("alpine-linux-amd64"))
-  stagedWindowsAmd64Executable(executableFile("windows-amd64.exe"))
+  stagedMacAarch64Executable(executableFile(Target.MacosAarch64))
+  stagedMacAmd64Executable(executableFile(Target.MacosAmd64))
+  stagedLinuxAarch64Executable(executableFile(Target.LinuxAarch64))
+  stagedLinuxAmd64Executable(executableFile(Target.LinuxAmd64))
+  stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable(executableFile(Target.AlpineLinuxAmd64))
+  stagedWindowsAmd64Executable(executableFile(Target.WindowsAmd64))
 }
 
-private fun NativeImageBuild.amd64() {
-  arch = Architecture.AMD64
-  dependsOn(":installGraalVmAmd64")
-}
+private fun NativeImageBuild.configure(target: Target) {
+  arch = target.arch
 
-private fun NativeImageBuild.aarch64() {
-  arch = Architecture.AARCH64
-  dependsOn(":installGraalVmAarch64")
-}
+  outputName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-${target.targetName}" }
+  mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
+
+  if (target.arch == Target.Arch.AARCH64) {
+    dependsOn(":installGraalVmAarch64")
+  } else {
+    dependsOn(":installGraalVmAmd64")
+  }
 
-private fun NativeImageBuild.setClasspath() {
   classpath.from(sourceSets.main.map { it.output })
   classpath.from(
     project(":pkl-commons-cli").extensions.getByType(SourceSetContainer::class)["svm"].output
@@ -86,35 +93,17 @@ private fun NativeImageBuild.setClasspath() {
 }
 
 val macExecutableAmd64 by
-  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
-    imageName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-macos-amd64" }
-    mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
-    amd64()
-    setClasspath()
-  }
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) { configure(Target.MacosAmd64) }
 
 val macExecutableAarch64 by
-  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
-    imageName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-macos-aarch64" }
-    mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
-    aarch64()
-    setClasspath()
-  }
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) { configure(Target.MacosAarch64) }
 
 val linuxExecutableAmd64 by
-  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
-    imageName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-linux-amd64" }
-    mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
-    amd64()
-    setClasspath()
-  }
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) { configure(Target.LinuxAmd64) }
 
 val linuxExecutableAarch64 by
   tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
-    imageName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-linux-aarch64" }
-    mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
-    aarch64()
-    setClasspath()
+    configure(Target.LinuxAarch64)
     // Ensure compatibility for kernels with page size set to 4k, 16k and 64k
     // (e.g. Raspberry Pi 5, Asahi Linux)
     extraNativeImageArgs.add("-H:PageSize=65536")
@@ -122,19 +111,13 @@ val linuxExecutableAarch64 by
 
 val alpineExecutableAmd64 by
   tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
-    imageName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-alpine-linux-amd64" }
-    mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
-    amd64()
-    setClasspath()
+    configure(Target.AlpineLinuxAmd64)
     extraNativeImageArgs.addAll(listOf("--static", "--libc=musl"))
   }
 
 val windowsExecutableAmd64 by
   tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
-    imageName = executableSpec.name.map { "$it-windows-amd64" }
-    mainClass = executableSpec.mainClass
-    amd64()
-    setClasspath()
+    configure(Target.WindowsAmd64)
     extraNativeImageArgs.add("-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8")
   }
 
@@ -151,6 +134,7 @@ val testStartNativeExecutable by
     val execOutput =
       providers.exec { commandLine(assembleNative.get().outputs.files.singleFile, "--version") }
 
+    @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
     doLast {
       val outputText = execOutput.standardOutput.asText.get()
       if (!outputText.contains(buildInfo.pklVersionNonUnique)) {
@@ -161,7 +145,7 @@ val testStartNativeExecutable by
       outputFile.get().asFile.toPath().apply {
         try {
           parent.createDirectories()
-        } catch (ignored: java.nio.file.FileAlreadyExistsException) {}
+        } catch (_: java.nio.file.FileAlreadyExistsException) {}
         writeText("OK")
       }
     }
@@ -173,124 +157,72 @@ private fun <T : Task> Task.wraps(other: TaskProvider<T>) {
   outputs.files(other)
 }
 
-val testNative by tasks.existing { dependsOn(testStartNativeExecutable) }
+@Suppress("unused") val testNative by tasks.existing { dependsOn(testStartNativeExecutable) }
 
-val assembleNativeMacOsAarch64 by tasks.existing { wraps(macExecutableAarch64) }
+@Suppress("unused") val assembleNativeMacOsAarch64 by tasks.existing { wraps(macExecutableAarch64) }
 
-val assembleNativeMacOsAmd64 by tasks.existing { wraps(macExecutableAmd64) }
+@Suppress("unused") val assembleNativeMacOsAmd64 by tasks.existing { wraps(macExecutableAmd64) }
 
+@Suppress("unused")
 val assembleNativeLinuxAarch64 by tasks.existing { wraps(linuxExecutableAarch64) }
 
-val assembleNativeLinuxAmd64 by tasks.existing { wraps(linuxExecutableAmd64) }
+@Suppress("unused") val assembleNativeLinuxAmd64 by tasks.existing { wraps(linuxExecutableAmd64) }
 
+@Suppress("unused")
 val assembleNativeAlpineLinuxAmd64 by tasks.existing { wraps(alpineExecutableAmd64) }
 
+@Suppress("unused")
 val assembleNativeWindowsAmd64 by tasks.existing { wraps(windowsExecutableAmd64) }
 
+private fun MavenPublication.configurePublication(target: Target, configuration: Configuration) {
+  artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-${target.targetName}"
+  pom {
+    name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-${target.targetName}"
+    url = executableSpec.website
+    artifact(configuration.singleFile) {
+      classifier = null
+      extension = if (target.os.isWindows) "exe" else "bin"
+      builtBy(configuration)
+    }
+    description =
+      executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
+        buildString {
+          append("Native $name executable for ${target.os.displayName}/${target.arch}")
+          if (target.musl) {
+            append(" and statically linked to musl")
+          }
+          append(".")
+        }
+      }
+  }
+}
+
 publishing {
   publications {
     // need to put in `afterEvaluate` because `artifactId` cannot be set lazily.
     project.afterEvaluate {
       create<MavenPublication>("macExecutableAmd64") {
-        artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-macos-amd64"
-        artifact(stagedMacAmd64Executable.singleFile) {
-          classifier = null
-          extension = "bin"
-          builtBy(stagedMacAmd64Executable)
-        }
-        pom {
-          name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-macos-amd64"
-          url = executableSpec.website
-          description =
-            executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
-              "Native $name executable for macOS/amd64."
-            }
-        }
+        configurePublication(Target.MacosAmd64, stagedMacAmd64Executable)
       }
 
       create<MavenPublication>("macExecutableAarch64") {
-        artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-macos-aarch64"
-        artifact(stagedMacAarch64Executable.singleFile) {
-          classifier = null
-          extension = "bin"
-          builtBy(stagedMacAarch64Executable)
-        }
-        pom {
-          name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-macos-aarch64"
-          url = executableSpec.website
-          description =
-            executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
-              "Native $name executable for macOS/aarch64."
-            }
-        }
+        configurePublication(Target.MacosAarch64, stagedMacAarch64Executable)
       }
 
       create<MavenPublication>("linuxExecutableAmd64") {
-        artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-linux-amd64"
-        artifact(stagedLinuxAmd64Executable.singleFile) {
-          classifier = null
-          extension = "bin"
-          builtBy(stagedLinuxAmd64Executable)
-        }
-        pom {
-          name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-linux-amd64"
-          url = executableSpec.website
-          description =
-            executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
-              "Native $name executable for linux/amd64."
-            }
-        }
+        configurePublication(Target.LinuxAmd64, stagedLinuxAmd64Executable)
       }
 
       create<MavenPublication>("linuxExecutableAarch64") {
-        artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-linux-aarch64"
-        artifact(stagedLinuxAarch64Executable.singleFile) {
-          classifier = null
-          extension = "bin"
-          builtBy(stagedLinuxAarch64Executable)
-        }
-        pom {
-          name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-linux-aarch64"
-          url = executableSpec.website
-          description =
-            executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
-              "Native $name executable for linux/aarch64."
-            }
-        }
+        configurePublication(Target.LinuxAarch64, stagedLinuxAarch64Executable)
       }
 
       create<MavenPublication>("alpineLinuxExecutableAmd64") {
-        artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-alpine-linux-amd64"
-        artifact(stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable.singleFile) {
-          classifier = null
-          extension = "bin"
-          builtBy(stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable)
-        }
-        pom {
-          name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-alpine-linux-amd64"
-          url = executableSpec.website
-          description =
-            executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
-              "Native $name executable for linux/amd64 and statically linked to musl."
-            }
-        }
+        configurePublication(Target.AlpineLinuxAmd64, stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable)
       }
 
       create<MavenPublication>("windowsExecutableAmd64") {
-        artifactId = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-windows-amd64"
-        artifact(stagedWindowsAmd64Executable.singleFile) {
-          classifier = null
-          extension = "exe"
-          builtBy(stagedWindowsAmd64Executable)
-        }
-        pom {
-          name = "${executableSpec.publicationName.get()}-windows-amd64"
-          url = executableSpec.website
-          description =
-            executableSpec.documentationName.map { name ->
-              "Native $name executable for windows/amd64."
-            }
-        }
+        configurePublication(Target.WindowsAmd64, stagedWindowsAmd64Executable)
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeLifecycle.gradle.kts b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeLifecycle.gradle.kts
index b6cc60136..60d7c047a 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeLifecycle.gradle.kts
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/pklNativeLifecycle.gradle.kts
@@ -52,68 +52,37 @@ val assembleNative by
       throw GradleException("Cross-arch builds are not supported on ${buildInfo.os.name}")
     }
 
-    when {
-      buildInfo.os.isMacOsX && buildInfo.targetArch == "aarch64" -> {
-        wraps(assembleNativeMacOsAarch64)
+    val underlyingTask =
+      when (buildInfo.targetMachine) {
+        Target.MacosAarch64 -> assembleNativeMacOsAarch64
+        Target.MacosAmd64 -> assembleNativeMacOsAmd64
+        Target.LinuxAarch64 -> assembleNativeLinuxAarch64
+        Target.LinuxAmd64 -> assembleNativeLinuxAmd64
+        Target.AlpineLinuxAmd64 -> assembleNativeAlpineLinuxAmd64
+        Target.WindowsAmd64 -> assembleNativeWindowsAmd64
       }
-      buildInfo.os.isMacOsX && buildInfo.targetArch == "amd64" -> {
-        wraps(assembleNativeMacOsAmd64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.os.isLinux && buildInfo.targetArch == "aarch64" -> {
-        wraps(assembleNativeLinuxAarch64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.os.isLinux && buildInfo.targetArch == "amd64" -> {
-        if (buildInfo.musl) wraps(assembleNativeAlpineLinuxAmd64)
-        else wraps(assembleNativeLinuxAmd64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.os.isWindows && buildInfo.targetArch == "amd64" -> {
-        wraps(assembleNativeWindowsAmd64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.musl -> {
-        throw GradleException("Building musl on ${buildInfo.os} is not supported")
-      }
-      else -> {
-        throw GradleException(
-          "Unsupported os/arch pair: ${buildInfo.os.name}/${buildInfo.targetArch}"
-        )
-      }
-    }
+    wraps(underlyingTask)
   }
 
 val testNative by
   tasks.registering {
     group = "verification"
 
+    @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
     if (!buildInfo.isCrossArchSupported && buildInfo.isCrossArch) {
       throw GradleException("Cross-arch builds are not supported on ${buildInfo.os.name}")
     }
 
-    when {
-      buildInfo.os.isMacOsX && buildInfo.targetArch == "aarch64" -> {
-        dependsOn(testNativeMacOsAarch64)
+    val underlyingTask =
+      when (buildInfo.targetMachine) {
+        Target.MacosAarch64 -> testNativeMacOsAarch64
+        Target.MacosAmd64 -> testNativeMacOsAmd64
+        Target.LinuxAarch64 -> testNativeLinuxAarch64
+        Target.LinuxAmd64 -> testNativeLinuxAmd64
+        Target.AlpineLinuxAmd64 -> testNativeAlpineLinuxAmd64
+        Target.WindowsAmd64 -> testNativeWindowsAmd64
       }
-      buildInfo.os.isMacOsX && buildInfo.targetArch == "amd64" -> {
-        dependsOn(testNativeMacOsAmd64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.os.isLinux && buildInfo.targetArch == "aarch64" -> {
-        dependsOn(testNativeLinuxAarch64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.os.isLinux && buildInfo.targetArch == "amd64" -> {
-        if (buildInfo.musl) dependsOn(testNativeAlpineLinuxAmd64)
-        else dependsOn(testNativeLinuxAmd64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.os.isWindows && buildInfo.targetArch == "amd64" -> {
-        dependsOn(testNativeWindowsAmd64)
-      }
-      buildInfo.musl -> {
-        throw GradleException("Building musl on ${buildInfo.os} is not supported")
-      }
-      else -> {
-        throw GradleException(
-          "Unsupported os/arch pair: ${buildInfo.os.name}/${buildInfo.targetArch}"
-        )
-      }
-    }
+    wraps(underlyingTask)
   }
 
 val checkNative by
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.batch-script.txt b/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.batch-script.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..613321c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.batch-script.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+::===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+:: Copyright © $YEAR Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+::
+:: Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+:: you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+:: You may obtain a copy of the License at
+::
+::     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+::
+:: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+:: distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+:: WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+:: See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+:: limitations under the License.
+::===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.hash-comment.txt b/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.hash-comment.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e515f6064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.hash-comment.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+# Copyright © $YEAR Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.line-comment.txt b/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.line-comment.txt
index 1e60c644b..c230bb7a5 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.line-comment.txt
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.line-comment.txt
@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
-
diff --git a/docs/gradle.lockfile b/docs/gradle.lockfile
index 943ebd23b..0dcf4809f 100644
--- a/docs/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/docs/gradle.lockfile
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
diff --git a/gradle/libs.versions.toml b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
index 1b128a6bf..9fd0e2196 100644
--- a/gradle/libs.versions.toml
+++ b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 [versions] # ordered alphabetically
 assertj = "3.+"
 checksumPlugin = "1.4.0"
+clangfmt = "10.0.1"
 clikt = "5.+"
 commonMark = "0.+"
 downloadTaskPlugin = "5.6.0"
+eclipseCdtFormat = "12.2"
 geantyref = "1.+"
 googleJavaFormat = "1.25.2"
 # must not use `+` because used in download URL
@@ -20,12 +22,14 @@ ideaExtPlugin = "1.1.9"
 javaPoet = "0.+"
 javaxInject = "1"
 jansi = "2.+"
+jextractPlugin = "1.+"
 jimfs = "1.+"
 # later versions don't work with native image
 # (at least not without additional configuration; tested with 3.25.1 and 3.27.1)
 jline = "3.23.0"
 jmh = "1.+"
 jmhPlugin = "0.7.2"
+jna = "5.+"
 jsr305 = "3.+"
 junit = "5.+"
 junitPlatform = "1.+"
@@ -67,6 +71,8 @@ jimfs = { group = "com.google.jimfs", name = "jimfs", version.ref = "jimfs" }
 jlineReader = { group = "org.jline", name = "jline-reader", version.ref = "jline" }
 jlineTerminal = { group = "org.jline", name = "jline-terminal", version.ref = "jline" }
 jlineTerminalJansi = { group = "org.jline", name = "jline-terminal-jansi", version.ref = "jline" }
+jna = { group = "net.java.dev.jna", name = "jna", version.ref = "jna" }
+jnaPlatform = { group = "net.java.dev.jna", name = "jna-platform", version.ref = "jna" }
 jsr305 = { group = "com.google.code.findbugs", name = "jsr305", version.ref = "jsr305" }
 junitApi = { group = "org.junit.jupiter", name = "junit-jupiter-api", version.ref = "junit" }
 junitEngine = { group = "org.junit.jupiter", name = "junit-jupiter-engine", version.ref = "junit" }
@@ -106,3 +112,4 @@ jmh = { id = "me.champeau.jmh", version.ref = "jmhPlugin" }
 kotlinxSerialization = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.serialization", version.ref = "kotlin" }
 nexusPublish = { id = "io.github.gradle-nexus.publish-plugin", version.ref = "nexusPublishPlugin" }
 shadow = { id = "com.gradleup.shadow", version.ref = "shadowPlugin" }
+jextract = { id = "de.infolektuell.jextract", version.ref = "jextractPlugin" }
diff --git a/libpkl/gradle.lockfile b/libpkl/gradle.lockfile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6eae1f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/gradle.lockfile
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# This is a Gradle generated file for dependency locking.
+# Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
+# This file is expected to be part of source control.
+com.github.ajalt.clikt:clikt-core-jvm:5.0.3=compileClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.clikt:clikt-core:5.0.3=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.clikt:clikt-jvm:5.0.3=compileClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.clikt:clikt-markdown-jvm:5.0.3=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.clikt:clikt-markdown:5.0.3=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.clikt:clikt:5.0.3=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.colormath:colormath-jvm:3.6.0=compileClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.colormath:colormath:3.6.0=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-core-jvm:3.0.1=compileClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-core:3.0.1=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm-ffm-jvm:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm-ffm:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm-graal-ffi-jvm:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm-graal-ffi:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm-jna-jvm:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm-jna:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-jvm:3.0.1=compileClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-markdown-jvm:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant-markdown:3.0.1=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ajalt.mordant:mordant:3.0.1=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine:2.9.3=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+com.google.errorprone:error_prone_annotations:2.28.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+io.github.java-diff-utils:java-diff-utils:4.12=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
+io.opentelemetry:opentelemetry-api:1.41.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+io.opentelemetry:opentelemetry-context:1.41.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+net.bytebuddy:byte-buddy:1.17.7=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+net.java.dev.jna:jna-platform:5.18.1=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath
+net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.14.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.18.1=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath
+org.apiguardian:apiguardian-api:1.1.2=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata
+org.assertj:assertj-core:3.27.6=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.bouncycastle:bcpg-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
+org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
+org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
+org.bouncycastle:bcutil-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
+org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.43.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.graalvm.polyglot:polyglot:25.0.0=compileClasspath,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:collections:25.0.0=compileClasspath,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:graal-sdk:25.0.0=compileClasspath,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:jniutils:25.0.0=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:nativeimage:25.0.0=compileClasspath,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:word:25.0.0=compileClasspath,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-api:25.0.0=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-compiler:25.0.0=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-runtime:25.0.0=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-build-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-build-tools-impl:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-compiler-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-compiler-runner:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-compiler-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-compiler-impl-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk7:2.2.20=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8:2.2.20=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib:2.2.20=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.jetbrains.kotlin:swift-export-embeddable:2.2.20=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core-jvm:1.8.0=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-bom:1.7.3=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-core-jvm:1.7.3=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-serialization-core:1.7.3=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.jetbrains:annotations:13.0=compileClasspath,kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathNativeTest,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testCompileClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.jetbrains:markdown-jvm:0.7.3=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.jetbrains:markdown:0.7.3=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.14.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.14.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params:5.14.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.14.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.14.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.14.0=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.junit:junit-bom:5.14.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=nativeTestCompileClasspath,nativeTestImplementationDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=nativeTestRuntimeClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+empty=annotationProcessor,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,nativeTestAnnotationProcessor,nativeTestApiDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,nativeTestKotlinScriptDefExtensions,sourcesJar,stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64NativeLibrary,stagedLinuxAarch64NativeLibrary,stagedLinuxAmd64NativeLibrary,stagedMacAarch64NativeLibrary,stagedMacAmd64NativeLibrary,stagedWindowsAmd64NativeLibrary,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/libpkl/libpkl.gradle.kts b/libpkl/libpkl.gradle.kts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91a33120d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/libpkl.gradle.kts
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2024-2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+@file:Suppress("unused")
+
+plugins {
+  pklAllProjects
+  pklGraalVm
+  pklJavaLibrary
+  pklNativeLifecycle
+}
+
+val stagedMacAmd64NativeLibrary: Configuration by configurations.creating
+val stagedMacAarch64NativeLibrary: Configuration by configurations.creating
+val stagedLinuxAmd64NativeLibrary: Configuration by configurations.creating
+val stagedLinuxAarch64NativeLibrary: Configuration by configurations.creating
+val stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64NativeLibrary: Configuration by configurations.creating
+val stagedWindowsAmd64NativeLibrary: Configuration by configurations.creating
+
+val nativeTestSourceSet: SourceSet = sourceSets.create("nativeTest")
+
+val nativeTestImplementation: Configuration by
+  configurations.getting { extendsFrom(configurations.testImplementation.get()) }
+
+val nativeTestRuntimeOnly: Configuration by
+  configurations.getting { extendsFrom(configurations.testRuntimeOnly.get()) }
+
+dependencies {
+  compileOnly(libs.graalSdk)
+
+  implementation(projects.pklCore)
+  implementation(projects.pklServer)
+
+  api(projects.pklCommonsCli)
+
+  implementation(libs.msgpack)
+  implementation(libs.truffleApi)
+  implementation(libs.truffleRuntime)
+
+  nativeTestImplementation(projects.pklCommonsTest)
+  nativeTestImplementation(libs.jna)
+  nativeTestImplementation(libs.jnaPlatform)
+  nativeTestRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher")
+}
+
+tasks.withType(CCompile::class) {
+  if (buildInfo.targetMachine.os.isMacOS) {
+    arch = buildInfo.targetMachine.arch
+  }
+}
+
+private fun NativeImageBuild.configure(target: Target) {
+  arch = target.arch
+
+  if (target.arch == Target.Arch.AARCH64) {
+    dependsOn(":installGraalVmAarch64")
+  } else {
+    dependsOn(":installGraalVmAmd64")
+  }
+
+  outputDir = target.tempOutputDir
+  outputName = "libpkl_internal"
+
+  classpath.from(sourceSets.main.map { it.output })
+  classpath.from(
+    project(":pkl-commons-cli").extensions.getByType(SourceSetContainer::class)["svm"].output
+  )
+  classpath.from(configurations.runtimeClasspath)
+
+  sharedLibrary = true
+  val scriptName = if (buildInfo.os.isWindows) "build_windows.bat" else "build_unix.sh"
+  nativeCompilerPath = projectDir.resolve("scripts/${scriptName}")
+}
+
+val buildPklObjectFile by
+  tasks.registering(CCompile::class) {
+    includeDirs.from(file("scripts/include/"))
+    includeDirs.from(file("src/main/c/"))
+    sourceFiles.from(file("src/main/c/pkl.c"))
+    positionIndependentCode = true
+
+    outputDir =
+      layout.buildDirectory.dir("tmp/compileC/${name}/${buildInfo.targetMachine.targetName}")
+
+    val versionMacro =
+      if (buildInfo.targetMachine.os.isWindows) "\\\"${buildInfo.pklVersion}\\\""
+      else "\"${buildInfo.pklVersion}\""
+    defines.put("PKL_VERSION", versionMacro)
+  }
+
+val buildStaticLibrary by
+  tasks.registering(CArchive::class) {
+    dependsOn(buildNativeImageLibrary, buildPklObjectFile)
+
+    val targetMachine = buildInfo.targetMachine
+    val objectExtension = if (buildInfo.os.isWindows) "obj" else "o"
+    val pklObjectFile =
+      buildPklObjectFile.flatMap { it.outputDir.map { dir -> dir.file("pkl.${objectExtension}") } }
+
+    objectFiles.from(
+      fileTree(targetMachine.tempOutputDir.get().dir("objects")).matching {
+        include("**/*.${objectExtension}")
+      }
+    )
+    objectFiles.from(pklObjectFile)
+
+    outputFile =
+      targetMachine.outputDir.map { dir ->
+        dir.file("libpkl.${targetMachine.os.staticLibraryExtension}")
+      }
+  }
+
+val macNativeImageAmd64 by
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
+    configure(Target.MacosAmd64)
+    // macOS only supports 16K page size
+    extraNativeImageArgs = listOf("-H:PageSize=16384")
+  }
+
+val macNativeImageAarch64 by
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
+    configure(Target.MacosAarch64)
+    // macOS only supports 16K page size
+    extraNativeImageArgs = listOf("-H:PageSize=16384")
+  }
+
+val linuxNativeImageAmd64 by
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) { configure(Target.LinuxAmd64) }
+
+val linuxNativeImageAarch64 by
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
+    configure(Target.LinuxAarch64)
+    extraNativeImageArgs =
+      listOf(
+        // Ensure compatibility for kernels with page size set to 4k, 16k and 64k
+        // (e.g. Raspberry Pi 5, Asahi Linux)
+        "-H:PageSize=65536"
+      )
+  }
+
+val windowsNativeImageAmd64 by
+  tasks.registering(NativeImageBuild::class) {
+    configure(Target.WindowsAmd64)
+    extraNativeImageArgs = listOf("-Dfile.encoding=UTF-8", "-H:-CheckToolchain")
+  }
+
+val buildNativeImageLibrary by
+  tasks.registering {
+    group = "build"
+    val underlyingTask =
+      when (buildInfo.targetMachine) {
+        Target.MacosAarch64 -> macNativeImageAarch64
+        Target.MacosAmd64 -> macNativeImageAmd64
+        Target.LinuxAarch64 -> linuxNativeImageAarch64
+        Target.LinuxAmd64 -> linuxNativeImageAmd64
+        Target.WindowsAmd64 -> windowsNativeImageAmd64
+        Target.AlpineLinuxAmd64 -> throw GradleException("Cannot build libpkl with musl")
+      }
+    dependsOn(underlyingTask)
+    outputs.files(underlyingTask)
+  }
+
+val buildSharedLibrary by
+  tasks.registering(CCompile::class) {
+    dependsOn(buildNativeImageLibrary, buildPklObjectFile)
+
+    link = true
+    val targetMachine = buildInfo.targetMachine
+
+    val objectFile =
+      buildPklObjectFile.flatMap { task ->
+        task.outputDir.map { it.file("pkl.${targetMachine.os.objectFileExtension}") }
+      }
+
+    val extension = targetMachine.os.sharedLibraryExtension
+    val staticLib =
+      buildNativeImageLibrary.map { task ->
+        task.outputs.files.find { it.name.contains("libpkl_internal.${extension}") }
+      }
+
+    sourceFiles.from(objectFile)
+    includeDirs.from(file("src/main/c/"))
+    libraryFiles.from(staticLib)
+    positionIndependentCode = true
+    sharedLibrary = true
+
+    outputFile = targetMachine.outputDir.map { it.file("libpkl.${extension}") }
+
+    if (buildInfo.os.isMacOS) {
+      frameworks.addAll("Foundation", "CoreServices")
+    }
+  }
+
+val Target.outputDir
+  get() = layout.buildDirectory.dir("native-libs/$targetName")
+
+val Target.tempOutputDir
+  get() = layout.buildDirectory.dir("tmp/native-libs/$targetName")
+
+tasks.assembleNative {
+  dependsOn(buildSharedLibrary, buildStaticLibrary)
+  doLast {
+    copy {
+      from("src/main/c/pkl.h")
+      into(buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir)
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+val testNativeJava by
+  tasks.registering(Test::class) {
+    dependsOn(tasks.assembleNative)
+
+    description = "Test native libraries from Java"
+    group = "verification"
+
+    testClassesDirs = nativeTestSourceSet.output.classesDirs
+    classpath = nativeTestSourceSet.runtimeClasspath
+
+    // It's not good enough to just provide `jna.library.path` on Linux; need to also provide
+    // `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` or `java.library.path` so that transitive libraries can be loaded.
+    jvmArgumentProviders.add(
+      CommandLineArgumentProvider {
+        listOf(
+          "-Djna.library.path=" + buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir.get().asFile.absolutePath,
+          "-Djava.library.path=" + buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir.get().asFile.absolutePath,
+        )
+      }
+    )
+
+    environment("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir.get().asFile.absolutePath)
+
+    useJUnitPlatform()
+  }
+
+// link to static library
+val compileNativeTestStatic by
+  tasks.registering(CCompile::class) {
+    description = "Build C test with static library"
+    group = "verification"
+
+    dependsOn(tasks.assembleNative)
+
+    val libDir = buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir.get().asFile
+    val testSrc = file("src/nativeTest/c/test_pkl.c")
+
+    link = true
+    sourceFiles.from(testSrc)
+    includeDirs.from(libDir)
+    outputFile =
+      layout.buildDirectory.file(
+        "native-test/${buildInfo.targetMachine.targetName}/test_pkl_static"
+      )
+
+    libraryFiles.from("${libDir.absolutePath}/libpkl.${buildInfo.os.staticLibraryExtension}")
+
+    if (!buildInfo.os.isWindows) {
+      libraries.add("pthread")
+      libraries.add("z")
+    }
+
+    if (buildInfo.os.isMacOS) {
+      frameworks.addAll("Foundation", "CoreServices")
+    }
+  }
+
+// link to dynamic library
+val compileNativeTestDynamic by
+  tasks.registering(CCompile::class) {
+    description = "Build C test with dynamic library"
+    group = "verification"
+
+    dependsOn(tasks.assembleNative)
+
+    val testSrc = file("src/nativeTest/c/test_pkl.c")
+
+    link = true
+    sourceFiles.from(testSrc)
+    includeDirs.from(buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir)
+    outputFile =
+      layout.buildDirectory.file(
+        "native-test/${buildInfo.targetMachine.targetName}/test_pkl_dynamic"
+      )
+
+    libraryPaths.from(buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir)
+
+    libraries.addAll("pkl", "z")
+
+    if (!buildInfo.os.isWindows) {
+      libraries.add("pthread")
+
+      // Add rpath for runtime linking
+      linkerFlags.add("-rpath")
+      linkerFlags.add(buildInfo.targetMachine.outputDir.map { it.asFile.absolutePath })
+    }
+  }
+
+val buildNativeTestC by
+  tasks.registering {
+    description = "Build both static and dynamic C tests"
+    group = "verification"
+
+    dependsOn(compileNativeTestStatic, compileNativeTestDynamic)
+  }
+
+fun Task.configureDummyOutput() {
+  group = "verification"
+
+  // dummy output to satisfy up-to-date check
+  val outputFile = layout.buildDirectory.file(name)
+  outputs.file(outputFile)
+
+  doFirst { outputFile.get().asFile.delete() }
+  doLast { outputFile.get().asFile.writeText("OK") }
+}
+
+val testNativeCStatic by
+  tasks.registering(Exec::class) {
+    configureDummyOutput()
+    group = "verification"
+    dependsOn(compileNativeTestStatic)
+
+    val testDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("native-test").get().asFile
+
+    workingDir = projectDir
+    commandLine(compileNativeTestStatic.get().outputFile.get().asFile.absolutePath)
+  }
+
+val testNativeCDynamic by
+  tasks.registering(Exec::class) {
+    configureDummyOutput()
+    group = "verification"
+
+    dependsOn(compileNativeTestDynamic)
+
+    val testDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("native-test").get().asFile
+
+    workingDir = projectDir
+    commandLine(compileNativeTestDynamic.get().outputFile.get().asFile.absolutePath)
+  }
+
+tasks.testNative {
+  dependsOn(testNativeCStatic, testNativeCDynamic)
+
+  // can't run libraries from other arch in Java
+  if (!buildInfo.isCrossArch) {
+    dependsOn(testNativeJava)
+  }
+}
+
+spotless {
+  cpp {
+    licenseHeaderFile(
+      rootProject.file("buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.star-block.txt"),
+      "// ",
+    )
+    target("src/*/c/*.c", "src/*/c/*.h")
+    eclipseCdt(libs.versions.eclipseCdtFormat.get())
+  }
+  shell {
+    licenseHeaderFile(
+        rootProject.file("buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.hash-comment.txt"),
+        "## build_",
+      )
+      // skip shebang
+      .skipLinesMatching("^#!.+?$")
+
+    target("scripts/*.sh")
+  }
+  format("bat") {
+    target("scripts/*.bat")
+    licenseHeaderFile(
+      rootProject.file("buildSrc/src/main/resources/license-header.batch-script.txt"),
+      "@echo",
+    )
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/scripts/README.adoc b/libpkl/scripts/README.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ffac44513
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/scripts/README.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+These files within `include/` are copy/pasted from the result of a native-image build.
+
+`libpkl_internal.h` needs to be kept up to date with `LibPklInternal.java`.
+
+To regenerate, run `./gradlew libpkl:assembleNative` and look for the files within `build/tmp/native-libs/<os-arch>/`.
+
+These are placed here for expedience; otherwise we'd have to run `native-image` twice; once to simply generate the headers, and once to build our library.
diff --git a/libpkl/scripts/build_unix.sh b/libpkl/scripts/build_unix.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ac8517e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/scripts/build_unix.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+# Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+## build_unix.sh
+# Adapted from https://github.com/oracle/graal/issues/3053#issuecomment-1866735057
+# This script intercepts compiler arguments from graalvm native shared images
+# and additionally generates a static library.
+#
+# Use with --native-compiler-path=${pathToThisScript}
+
+# Detect OS
+OS=$(uname -s)
+case "$OS" in
+  Darwin)
+    SHARED_LIB_EXT="dylib"
+    ;;
+  Linux)
+    SHARED_LIB_EXT="so"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    echo "Unsupported OS: $OS"
+    exit 1
+    ;;
+esac
+
+# Determine the project name and output path based on the output library argument
+for arg in "$@"; do
+  if [[ "$arg" == *."$SHARED_LIB_EXT" ]]; then
+    OUTPUT_PATH=$(dirname "$arg")
+    LIB_NAME=$(basename "${arg%."$SHARED_LIB_EXT"}")
+    break
+  fi
+done
+
+# Do a simple forward for any calls that are used to compile individual C files
+if [[ -z $LIB_NAME ]]; then
+  cc "$@"
+  exit 0
+fi
+
+# Create a debug log in $output/logs
+LOG_PATH="${OUTPUT_PATH}/logs"
+LOG_FILE="${LOG_PATH}/compiler_commands.txt"
+mkdir -p "$LOG_PATH"
+
+WORKINGDIR=${PWD}
+echo "Working directory: ${WORKINGDIR}" > "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "Output path: ${OUTPUT_PATH}" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "Library name: ${LIB_NAME}" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "OS: ${OS}" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+
+echo "=====================================================" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "                  SHARED LIBRARY                     " >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "=====================================================" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+
+CC_ARGS=$*
+echo "cc $CC_ARGS" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+cc $CC_ARGS
+
+echo "=====================================================" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "                   STATIC LIBRARY                    " >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "=====================================================" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+# To create a single static library we need to call 'ar -r' on all .o files.
+# In order to also include all static library dependencies, we can first extract the
+# .o files and then include them as well.
+echo "======= Source archives"  >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+OBJECTS=${OUTPUT_PATH}/objects
+rm -rf "${OBJECTS}"
+mkdir "${OBJECTS}"
+
+# Remove existing archive to avoid "fat file" errors
+ARCHIVE_FILE="${OUTPUT_PATH}/${LIB_NAME}.a"
+rm -f "${ARCHIVE_FILE}"
+
+AR_ARGS="-rcs ${ARCHIVE_FILE} ${OBJECTS}/*.o"
+for arg in "$@"
+do
+  if [[ $arg =~ .*\.(a)$ ]]; then
+    # extract the objects (.o) of each archive (.a) into
+    # separate directories to avoid naming collisions
+    echo "$arg"  >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+    ARCHIVE_DIR=${OBJECTS}/$(basename "${arg%.a}")
+    mkdir "${ARCHIVE_DIR}"
+    cp "$arg" "${ARCHIVE_DIR}"
+    cd "${ARCHIVE_DIR}" || exit
+    ar -x "$arg"
+    cd "${WORKINGDIR}" || exit
+    AR_ARGS+=" ${ARCHIVE_DIR}/*.o"
+  fi
+  if [[ $arg =~ .*\.(o)$ ]]; then
+    cp "$arg" "${OBJECTS}"
+  fi
+done
+
+echo "======= Objects"  >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+find "${OBJECTS}" -name "*.o" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+
+echo "======= Archive command"  >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+echo "ar $AR_ARGS" >> "${LOG_FILE}"
+# shellcheck disable=SC2086
+ar $AR_ARGS
diff --git a/libpkl/scripts/build_windows.bat b/libpkl/scripts/build_windows.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b28ccc5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/scripts/build_windows.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+::===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+:: Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+::
+:: Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+:: you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+:: You may obtain a copy of the License at
+::
+::     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+::
+:: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+:: distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+:: WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+:: See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+:: limitations under the License.
+::===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+@echo off
+setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
+
+REM Adapted from https://github.com/oracle/graal/issues/3053#issuecomment-1866735057
+REM This script intercepts compiler arguments generated by GraalVM's native-image for
+REM creating a shared library, and generates both shared and static libraries. The
+REM output path has to be specified relative to this script because GraalVM builds
+REM in a local temp directory and does not specify the output path anywhere.
+REM
+REM Use with --native-compiler-path=${pathToThisScript}.bat
+set OUTPUT_PATH=%~dp0\..\..\target\image
+
+REM Determine the library name based on the .dll argument. ~nP returns the filename
+REM without quotes, i.e., "path\myLibrary.dll" returns myLibrary
+set LIB_NAME=
+for %%P in (%*) do (
+    echo %%P | findstr /C:"\.dll" 1>nul
+    if !errorlevel!==0 (
+        set LIB_NAME=%%~nP
+    )
+)
+
+REM Do a simple forward for any calls that are used to compile individual C files
+IF "%LIB_NAME%"=="" (
+    cmd /c cl %*
+    exit /b
+)
+
+REM Setup log path and log file
+set LOG_PATH=%OUTPUT_PATH%\logs
+set LOG_FILE=%LOG_PATH%\compiler_commands.txt
+if not exist %LOG_PATH% mkdir %LOG_PATH%
+
+echo Working directory: %CD% > %LOG_FILE%
+echo Output path: %OUTPUT_PATH% >> %LOG_FILE%
+echo Library name: %LIB_NAME% >> %LOG_FILE%
+
+echo ===================================================== >> %LOG_FILE%
+echo                   SHARED LIBRARY                      >> %LOG_FILE%
+echo ===================================================== >> %LOG_FILE%
+REM Modify the arguments if needed
+set CL_ARGS=%*
+echo cl.exe %CL_ARGS% >> %LOG_FILE%
+cmd /c cl.exe %CL_ARGS%
+
+echo ===================================================== >> %LOG_FILE%
+echo                   STATIC LIBRARY                      >> %LOG_FILE%
+echo ===================================================== >> %LOG_FILE%
+REM To create a static library on Windows we need to call lib.exe input.obj /OUT:output.lib
+REM We don't want to overwrite the .lib needed to compile against the .dll, so
+REM we append "_s" to indicate that it is a static library.
+if not exist %OUTPUT_PATH% mkdir %OUTPUT_PATH%
+set LIB_ARGS=%LIB_NAME%.obj /OUT:%OUTPUT_PATH%\%LIB_NAME%_s.lib
+echo lib.exe %LIB_ARGS% >> %LOG_FILE%
+cmd /c lib.exe %LIB_ARGS%
diff --git a/libpkl/scripts/include/graal_isolate.h b/libpkl/scripts/include/graal_isolate.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc8065980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/scripts/include/graal_isolate.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#ifndef __GRAAL_ISOLATE_H
+#define __GRAAL_ISOLATE_H
+
+/*
+ * Structure representing an isolate. A pointer to such a structure can be
+ * passed to an entry point as the execution context.
+ */
+struct __graal_isolate_t;
+typedef struct __graal_isolate_t graal_isolate_t;
+
+/*
+ * Structure representing a thread that is attached to an isolate. A pointer to
+ * such a structure can be passed to an entry point as the execution context,
+ * requiring that the calling thread has been attached to that isolate.
+ */
+struct __graal_isolatethread_t;
+typedef struct __graal_isolatethread_t graal_isolatethread_t;
+
+#ifdef _WIN64
+typedef unsigned long long __graal_uword;
+#else
+typedef unsigned long __graal_uword;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * These constants can be used for the pkey field in the
+ * graal_create_isolate_params_t struct to either specify that the isolate is
+ * not part of a protection domain or a new protection domain should be
+ * created for it.
+ */
+#define NO_PROTECTION_DOMAIN 0
+#define NEW_PROTECTION_DOMAIN -1
+
+/* Parameters for the creation of a new isolate. */
+enum { __graal_create_isolate_params_version = 4 };
+struct __graal_create_isolate_params_t {
+    int version;                                /* Version of this struct */
+
+    /* Fields introduced in version 1 */
+    __graal_uword  reserved_address_space_size; /* Size of address space to reserve */
+
+    /* Fields introduced in version 2 */
+    const char    *auxiliary_image_path;                /* Path to an auxiliary image to load. */
+    __graal_uword  auxiliary_image_reserved_space_size; /* Reserved bytes for loading an auxiliary image. */
+
+    /* Fields introduced in version 3 */
+    int            _reserved_1;                 /* Internal usage, do not use. */
+    char         **_reserved_2;                 /* Internal usage, do not use. */
+    int            pkey;                        /* Isolate protection key or domain. */
+
+    /* Fields introduced in version 4 */
+    char           _reserved_3;                 /* Internal usage, do not use. */
+    char           _reserved_4;                 /* Internal usage, do not use. */
+
+    /* Fields introduced in version 5 */
+    char           _reserved_5;                 /* Internal usage, do not use. */
+};
+typedef struct __graal_create_isolate_params_t graal_create_isolate_params_t;
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Create a new isolate, considering the passed parameters (which may be NULL).
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero value on failure.
+ * On success, the current thread is attached to the created isolate, and the
+ * address of the isolate and the isolate thread are written to the passed pointers
+ * if they are not NULL.
+ */
+int graal_create_isolate(graal_create_isolate_params_t* params, graal_isolate_t** isolate, graal_isolatethread_t** thread);
+
+/*
+ * Attaches the current thread to the passed isolate.
+ * On failure, returns a non-zero value. On success, writes the address of the
+ * created isolate thread structure to the passed pointer and returns 0.
+ * If the thread has already been attached, the call succeeds and also provides
+ * the thread's isolate thread structure.
+ */
+int graal_attach_thread(graal_isolate_t* isolate, graal_isolatethread_t** thread);
+
+/*
+ * Given an isolate to which the current thread is attached, returns the address of
+ * the thread's associated isolate thread structure.  If the current thread is not
+ * attached to the passed isolate or if another error occurs, returns NULL.
+ */
+graal_isolatethread_t* graal_get_current_thread(graal_isolate_t* isolate);
+
+/*
+ * Given an isolate thread structure, determines to which isolate it belongs and returns
+ * the address of its isolate structure. If an error occurs, returns NULL instead.
+ */
+graal_isolate_t* graal_get_isolate(graal_isolatethread_t* thread);
+
+/*
+ * Detaches the passed isolate thread from its isolate and discards any state or
+ * context that is associated with it. At the time of the call, no code may still
+ * be executing in the isolate thread's context.
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero value on failure.
+ */
+int graal_detach_thread(graal_isolatethread_t* thread);
+
+/*
+ * Tears down the isolate of the passed (and still attached) isolate thread,
+ * waiting for any attached threads to detach from it, then discards its objects,
+ * threads, and any other state or context that is associated with it.
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero value on failure.
+ */
+int graal_tear_down_isolate(graal_isolatethread_t* isolateThread);
+
+/*
+ * In the isolate of the passed isolate thread, detach all those threads that were
+ * externally started (not within Java, which includes the "main thread") and were
+ * attached to the isolate afterwards. Afterwards, all threads that were started
+ * within Java undergo a regular shutdown process, followed by the tear-down of the
+ * entire isolate, which detaches the current thread and discards the objects,
+ * threads, and any other state or context associated with the isolate.
+ * None of the manually attached threads targeted by this function may be executing
+ * Java code at the time when this function is called or at any point in the future
+ * or this will cause entirely undefined (and likely fatal) behavior.
+ * Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero value on (non-fatal) failure.
+ */
+int graal_detach_all_threads_and_tear_down_isolate(graal_isolatethread_t* isolateThread);
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+}
+#endif
+#endif
diff --git a/libpkl/scripts/include/libpkl_internal.h b/libpkl/scripts/include/libpkl_internal.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..469067a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/scripts/include/libpkl_internal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef __LIBPKL_INTERNAL_H
+#define __LIBPKL_INTERNAL_H
+
+#include <graal_isolate.h>
+
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+void pkl_internal_close(graal_isolatethread_t*);
+
+graal_isolatethread_t* pkl_internal_init();
+
+int pkl_internal_send_message(graal_isolatethread_t*, int, char*, char**);
+
+void pkl_internal_register_response_handler(graal_isolatethread_t*, void *, void*);
+
+void pkl_internal_server_start(graal_isolatethread_t*);
+
+void pkl_internal_server_stop(graal_isolatethread_t*);
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+}
+#endif
+#endif
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/c/pkl.c b/libpkl/src/main/c/pkl.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff41e791f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/c/pkl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+// pkl.c
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
+#include <pthread.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <graal_isolate.h>
+#include <libpkl_internal.h>
+
+#include <pkl.h>
+
+#ifndef PKL_VERSION
+#define PKL_VERSION "0.0.0"
+#endif
+
+struct __pkl_exec_t {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  CRITICAL_SECTION mutex;
+#else
+	pthread_mutex_t mutex;
+#endif
+	graal_isolatethread_t *graal_isolatethread;
+};
+
+static int pkl_is_initialized = 0;
+
+static void pkl_runtime_cleanup(pkl_exec_t *pexec) {
+	pkl_internal_server_stop(pexec->graal_isolatethread);
+	pkl_internal_close(pexec->graal_isolatethread);
+	pexec->graal_isolatethread = NULL;
+}
+
+static void pkl_unlock_mutex(pkl_exec_t *pexec) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  LeaveCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+#else
+	if (pthread_mutex_unlock(&pexec->mutex) != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "fatal: failed to unlock mutex.\n");
+		abort();
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+static int pkl_lock_mutex(pkl_exec_t *pexec, pkl_error_t *error) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  EnterCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+#else
+	if (pthread_mutex_lock(&pexec->mutex) != 0) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "failed to lock mutex";
+		}
+		return PKL_ERR_LOCK;
+	}
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int pkl_init(pkl_message_response_handler handler, void *userData,
+		pkl_exec_t **exec, pkl_error_t *error) {
+	if (handler == NULL) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "handler is null";
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (exec == NULL) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "exec is null";
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (pkl_is_initialized) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message =
+					"pkl_init called multiple times without calling pkl_close";
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+	pkl_exec_t *pexec = calloc(1, sizeof(pkl_exec_t));
+	if (pexec == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate pkl_exec_t\n");
+		abort();
+	}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  InitializeCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+#else
+	if (pthread_mutex_init(&pexec->mutex, NULL) != 0) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "Failed to initialize mutex";
+		}
+		free(pexec);
+		*exec = NULL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	pexec->graal_isolatethread = pkl_internal_init();
+
+	if (pexec->graal_isolatethread == NULL) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "Failed to allocate graal_isolatethread";
+		}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    DeleteCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+#else
+		if (pthread_mutex_destroy(&pexec->mutex) != 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "fatal: failed to destroy mutex.\n");
+			abort();
+		}
+#endif
+		free(pexec);
+		*exec = NULL;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	pkl_internal_register_response_handler(pexec->graal_isolatethread, handler,
+			userData);
+	pkl_internal_server_start(pexec->graal_isolatethread);
+
+	pkl_is_initialized = 1;
+	*exec = pexec;
+	if (error != NULL) {
+		error->message = NULL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int pkl_send_message(pkl_exec_t *pexec, int length, char *message,
+		pkl_error_t *error) {
+	if (pexec == NULL) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "pexec is null";
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (message == NULL) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "message is null";
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	int lock_response = pkl_lock_mutex(pexec, error);
+	if (lock_response != 0) {
+		return lock_response;
+	}
+	char *errormessage;
+	int resp = pkl_internal_send_message(pexec->graal_isolatethread, length,
+			message, &errormessage);
+	pkl_unlock_mutex(pexec);
+	if (resp != 0) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = errormessage;
+		}
+		return resp;
+	}
+	if (error != NULL) {
+		error->message = NULL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int pkl_close(pkl_exec_t *pexec, pkl_error_t *error) {
+	if (pexec == NULL) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "pexec is null";
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  EnterCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+#else
+	if (pthread_mutex_lock(&pexec->mutex) != 0) {
+		if (error != NULL) {
+			error->message = "failed to lock mutex";
+		}
+		return PKL_ERR_LOCK;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	pkl_runtime_cleanup(pexec);
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  LeaveCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+  DeleteCriticalSection(&pexec->mutex);
+#else
+	if (pthread_mutex_unlock(&pexec->mutex) != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "fatal: failed to unlock mutex.\n");
+		abort();
+	}
+
+	if (pthread_mutex_destroy(&pexec->mutex) != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "fatal: failed to destroy mutex.\n");
+		abort();
+	}
+#endif
+
+	pkl_is_initialized = 0;
+	free(pexec);
+	if (error != NULL) {
+		error->message = NULL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+const char* pkl_version() {
+	return PKL_VERSION;
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/c/pkl.h b/libpkl/src/main/c/pkl.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbc2d1d2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/c/pkl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+// pkl.h
+#ifndef PKL_H
+#define PKL_H
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#define PKL_ERR_LOCK      1     /* Failed to create a mutex, or acquire a lock on a mutex */
+#define PKL_ERR_PROTOCOL  2     /* Failed to decode a message */
+
+/** Error details that occurred during a method call */
+typedef struct {
+	char *message;
+} pkl_error_t;
+
+/**
+ * Pkl executor instance that manages communication with the Pkl runtime.
+ *
+ * Instances should be created via pkl_init() and destroyed via pkl_close().
+ *
+ * All operations on this struct are considered thread-safe and are synchronized via a mutex.
+ */
+typedef struct __pkl_exec_t pkl_exec_t;
+
+/**
+ * The callback that gets called when a message is received from Pkl.
+ *
+ * Messages must be deserialized to Pkl's Message Passing API: 
+ * https://pkl-lang.org/main/current/bindings-specification/message-passing-api.html
+ *
+ * @param length    The length of the message bytes
+ * @param message   The message itself
+ * @param userData  User-defined data passed in from pkl_init.
+ */
+typedef void (*pkl_message_response_handler)(int length, char *message,
+		void *userData);
+
+/**
+ * Initialises and allocates a Pkl executor, writing it to the slot pointed by `exec`.
+ * Only one executor can exist at one time.
+ * Calling `pkl_init` multiple times without calling `pkl_close` in between results in an error.
+ *
+ * @param handler   The callback that gets called when a message is received from Pkl.
+ * @param userData  User-defined data that gets passed to handler.
+ * @param exec      The pointer to write the created pkl_exec_t to.
+ * @param error     The pointer to write error details to.
+ *
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+int pkl_init(pkl_message_response_handler handler, void *userData,
+		pkl_exec_t **exec, pkl_error_t *error);
+
+/**
+ * Send a message to Pkl, providing the length and a pointer to the first byte.
+ *
+ * Messages must be serialized to Pkl's Message Passing API:
+ * https://pkl-lang.org/main/current/bindings-specification/message-passing-api.html
+ *
+ * @param pexec     The Pkl executor instance.
+ * @param length    The length of the message, in bytes.
+ * @param message   The message to send to Pkl.
+ *
+ * @return 0 on success, and non-zero otherwise.
+ */
+int pkl_send_message(pkl_exec_t *pexec, int length, char *message,
+		pkl_error_t *error);
+
+/**
+ * Cleans up any resources that were created as part of the `pkl_init` process
+ * for our `pkl_exec_t` instance.
+ *
+ * @param pexec     The Pkl executor instance.
+ *
+ * @return 0 on success, -1 if `pexec` is NULL, and an error code otherwise.
+ */
+int pkl_close(pkl_exec_t *pexec, pkl_error_t *error);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the version of Pkl in use.
+ *
+ * @return a string with the version information.
+ */
+const char* pkl_version();
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+}
+#endif
+#endif
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklInternal.java b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklInternal.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1593fc4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklInternal.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl;
+
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.IsolateThread;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.PinnedObject;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.function.CEntryPoint;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.function.CFunction.Transition;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.function.CFunctionPointer;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.function.InvokeCFunctionPointer;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.type.CCharPointer;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.type.CCharPointerPointer;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.type.CTypeConversion;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.type.VoidPointer;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports.Logger;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.ProtocolException;
+import org.pkl.server.Server;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public class LibPklInternal {
+  public interface MessageCallbackFunctionPointer extends CFunctionPointer {
+    @InvokeCFunctionPointer(transition = Transition.TO_NATIVE)
+    void invoke(int length, CCharPointer msg, VoidPointer userData);
+  }
+
+  private static final Logger logger = new LibPklLogger();
+  private static final NativeTransport transport =
+      new NativeTransport(logger, LibPklInternal::handleSendMessageToNative);
+  private static Server server;
+  private static MessageCallbackFunctionPointer cb;
+  private static VoidPointer userData;
+
+  // keep in sync with values defined in pkl.h
+  private static final int PKL_ERR_PROTOCOL = 2;
+
+  private LibPklInternal() {}
+
+  @CEntryPoint(name = "pkl_internal_init", builtin = CEntryPoint.Builtin.CREATE_ISOLATE)
+  static native IsolateThread pklInternalInit();
+
+  @CEntryPoint(name = "pkl_internal_send_message")
+  public static int pklInternalSendMessage(
+      IsolateThread thread, int length, CCharPointer ptr, CCharPointerPointer errorMessage) {
+    try {
+      transport.sendMessage(length, ptr);
+      return 0;
+    } catch (ProtocolException e) {
+      @SuppressWarnings("resource")
+      var cString =
+          CTypeConversion.toCString("Invalid encoding: %s".formatted(e.getMessage())).get();
+      errorMessage.write(cString);
+      return PKL_ERR_PROTOCOL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @CEntryPoint(name = "pkl_internal_register_response_handler")
+  public static void pklInternalRegisterResponseHandler(
+      IsolateThread thread,
+      LibPklInternal.MessageCallbackFunctionPointer cb,
+      VoidPointer userData) {
+    LibPklInternal.cb = cb;
+    LibPklInternal.userData = userData;
+  }
+
+  @CEntryPoint(name = "pkl_internal_close", builtin = CEntryPoint.Builtin.TEAR_DOWN_ISOLATE)
+  public static native void pklInternalClose(IsolateThread thread);
+
+  @CEntryPoint(name = "pkl_internal_server_start")
+  public static void pklInternalServerStart(IsolateThread thread) {
+    server = new Server(transport);
+    server.start();
+  }
+
+  @CEntryPoint(name = "pkl_internal_server_stop")
+  public static void pklInternalServerStop(IsolateThread thread) {
+    server.close();
+  }
+
+  public static void handleSendMessageToNative(byte[] bytes) {
+    try (var pin = PinnedObject.create(bytes)) {
+      // guaranteed to exist (cannot obtain pkl executor without calling `pkl_exec`).
+      cb.invoke(bytes.length, pin.addressOfArrayElement(0), LibPklInternal.userData);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklLogger.java b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklLogger.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6e887d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklLogger.java
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports.Logger;
+
+public class LibPklLogger implements Logger {
+
+  @Override
+  public void log(String msg) {
+    if (Objects.equals(System.getenv("PKL_DEBUG"), "1")) {
+      System.err.println("[libpkl] " + msg);
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/NativeInputStream.java b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/NativeInputStream.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f58ee592
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/NativeInputStream.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.type.CCharPointer;
+
+public class NativeInputStream extends InputStream {
+  private int offset;
+  private final int length;
+  private final CCharPointer ptr;
+
+  public NativeInputStream(int length, CCharPointer ptr) {
+    super();
+    this.length = length;
+    this.ptr = ptr;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int read() {
+    if (available() <= 0) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    var result = ptr.read(offset);
+    offset++;
+    return result & 0xFF;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int available() {
+    return length - offset;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/NativeTransport.java b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/NativeTransport.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a485c667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/NativeTransport.java
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+import org.graalvm.nativeimage.c.type.CCharPointer;
+import org.msgpack.core.MessagePack;
+import org.pkl.core.PklBugException;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.Message;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports.AbstractMessageTransport;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports.Logger;
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.ProtocolException;
+import org.pkl.server.ServerMessagePackDecoder;
+import org.pkl.server.ServerMessagePackEncoder;
+
+public class NativeTransport extends AbstractMessageTransport {
+  private final Consumer<byte[]> sendMessageToNative;
+  private final Logger logger;
+
+  protected NativeTransport(Logger logger, Consumer<byte[]> sendMessageToNative) {
+    super(logger);
+    this.logger = logger;
+    this.sendMessageToNative = sendMessageToNative;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected void doStart() {}
+
+  @Override
+  protected void doClose() {}
+
+  @Override
+  protected void doSend(Message message) {
+    try (var os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        var packer = MessagePack.newDefaultPacker(os)) {
+      var encoder = new ServerMessagePackEncoder(packer);
+      encoder.encode(message);
+      sendMessageToNative.accept(os.toByteArray());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // impossible; no IO happens during packing
+      throw PklBugException.unreachableCode();
+    } catch (ProtocolException e) {
+      System.err.println("Received unexpected ProtocolException when encoding a message, aborting");
+      e.printStackTrace(System.err);
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void sendMessage(int length, CCharPointer ptr) throws ProtocolException {
+    try (var is = new NativeInputStream(length, ptr);
+        var unpacker = MessagePack.newDefaultUnpacker(is)) {
+      var message = new ServerMessagePackDecoder(unpacker).decode();
+      assert message != null;
+      accept(message);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // impossible; no IO happens during unpacking
+      throw PklBugException.unreachableCode();
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/package-info.java b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/package-info.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb5f09e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/main/java/org/pkl/libpkl/package-info.java
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+@NonnullByDefault
+package org.pkl.libpkl;
+
+import org.pkl.core.util.NonnullByDefault;
diff --git a/libpkl/src/nativeTest/c/test_pkl.c b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/c/test_pkl.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8cda7d314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/c/test_pkl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+// test_pkl.c
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "pkl.h"
+
+// Callback for receiving messages
+void test_message_handler(int length, char *message, void *userData) {
+	printf("Received message of length %d\n", length);
+	// Store message in userData for verification
+	if (userData != NULL) {
+		char **stored = (char**) userData;
+		*stored = malloc(length + 1);
+		memcpy(*stored, message, length);
+		(*stored)[length] = '\0';
+	}
+}
+
+// Test pkl_version
+void test_version() {
+	const char *version = pkl_version();
+	assert(version != NULL);
+	printf("✓ pkl_version: %s\n", version);
+}
+
+// Test pkl_init and pkl_close
+void test_init_close() {
+	pkl_error_t err = { 0 };
+	pkl_exec_t *exec = NULL;
+	int result = pkl_init(test_message_handler, NULL, &exec, &err);
+	assert(result == 0);
+	assert(exec != NULL);
+
+	result = pkl_close(exec, &err);
+	assert(result == 0);
+	printf("✓ pkl_init/close succeeded\n");
+}
+
+// Test error handling
+void test_null_send_message() {
+	pkl_error_t err = { 0 };
+	int result = pkl_send_message(NULL, 0, NULL, &err);
+	assert(result == -1);
+
+	result = pkl_close(NULL, &err);
+	assert(result == -1);
+	printf("✓ Error handling works\n");
+}
+
+int main() {
+	printf("Running libpkl C tests...\n\n");
+
+	test_version();
+	test_init_close();
+	test_null_send_message();
+
+	printf("\nAll tests passed!\n");
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklJNA.kt b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklJNA.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f12a0988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklJNA.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl
+
+import com.sun.jna.Callback
+import com.sun.jna.Library
+import com.sun.jna.Native
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer
+import com.sun.jna.Structure
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference
+
+@Suppress("FunctionName")
+interface LibPklJNA : Library {
+  companion object {
+    val INSTANCE: LibPklJNA = Native.load("pkl", LibPklJNA::class.java)
+  }
+
+  @Structure.FieldOrder("message")
+  class PklError : Structure() {
+    @JvmField var message: String? = null
+  }
+
+  interface PklMessageResponseHandler : Callback {
+    fun invoke(length: Int, message: Pointer, userData: Pointer?)
+  }
+
+  fun pkl_init(
+    handler: PklMessageResponseHandler,
+    userData: Pointer?,
+    exec: PointerByReference,
+    error: PklError,
+  ): Int
+
+  fun pkl_send_message(pexec: Pointer, length: Int, message: ByteArray, error: PklError): Int
+
+  fun pkl_close(pexec: Pointer, error: PklError): Int
+
+  fun pkl_version(): String
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklMessageTransport.kt b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklMessageTransport.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7073bc047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklMessageTransport.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl
+
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference
+import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
+import org.msgpack.core.MessagePack
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.Message
+import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports
+import org.pkl.server.ServerMessagePackDecoder
+import org.pkl.server.ServerMessagePackEncoder
+
+class LibPklMessageTransport : MessageTransports.AbstractMessageTransport({}) {
+  private val messageResponseHandler: LibPklJNA.PklMessageResponseHandler =
+    object : LibPklJNA.PklMessageResponseHandler {
+      override fun invoke(length: Int, message: Pointer, userData: Pointer?) {
+        val message = decode(message.getByteArray(0, length))
+        accept(message)
+      }
+    }
+
+  var pexec: Pointer? = null
+
+  override fun doStart() {
+    val execRef = PointerByReference()
+    val error = LibPklJNA.PklError()
+    val result = LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_init(messageResponseHandler, Pointer.NULL, execRef, error)
+    assertThat(result).`as` { "Failed to call pkl_init: ${error.message}" }.isEqualTo(0)
+    pexec = execRef.value
+    assertThat(pexec).isNotNull()
+  }
+
+  override fun doClose() {
+    val error = LibPklJNA.PklError()
+    val result = LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_close(pexec!!, error)
+    assertThat(result).`as` { "Failed to call pkl_close: ${error.message}" }.isEqualTo(0)
+  }
+
+  override fun doSend(message: Message) {
+    val bytes = encode(message)
+    val error = LibPklJNA.PklError()
+    val result = LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_send_message(pexec!!, bytes.size, bytes, error)
+    assertThat(result).`as` { "Failed to call pkl_send_message: ${error.message}" }.isEqualTo(0)
+  }
+
+  private fun encode(message: Message): ByteArray {
+    val packer = MessagePack.newDefaultBufferPacker()
+    val encoder = ServerMessagePackEncoder(packer)
+    encoder.encode(message)
+    return packer.toByteArray()
+  }
+
+  private fun decode(receivedBytes: ByteArray): Message {
+    val unpacker = MessagePack.newDefaultUnpacker(receivedBytes)
+    return ServerMessagePackDecoder(unpacker).decode()!!
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklServerTest.kt b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklServerTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52b92ddf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklServerTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
+import org.pkl.commons.test.server.AbstractServerTest
+import org.pkl.commons.test.server.TestTransport
+
+/**
+ * Tests libpkl bindings by using JNA (see [LibPklJNA] and [LibPklMessageTransport]).
+ *
+ * To run these tests in IntelliJ, add
+ * `-Djna.library.path=$ProjectFileDir$/libpkl/build/native-libs/<os>-<arch>` to the run
+ * configuration.
+ *
+ * You can modify the IntelliJ JUnit configuration template so that this flag gets added
+ * automatically. See https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/run-debug-configuration.html#templates for
+ * more details.
+ */
+class LibPklServerTest : AbstractServerTest() {
+  override lateinit var client: TestTransport
+
+  val delegate = LibPklMessageTransport()
+
+  @BeforeEach
+  fun beforeEach() {
+    client = TestTransport(delegate).also { it.start() }
+  }
+
+  @AfterEach
+  fun afterEach() {
+    client.close()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklTest.kt b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd4d7431f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpkl/src/nativeTest/kotlin/org/pkl/libpkl/LibPklTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pkl.libpkl
+
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference
+import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import org.pkl.core.Release
+
+class LibPklTest {
+  @Test
+  fun testMalformedMessage() {
+    val messageResponseHandler =
+      object : LibPklJNA.PklMessageResponseHandler {
+        override fun invoke(length: Int, message: Pointer, userData: Pointer?) {}
+      }
+    val execRef = PointerByReference()
+    val error = LibPklJNA.PklError()
+    val result = LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_init(messageResponseHandler, Pointer.NULL, execRef, error)
+    assertThat(result).`as` { "Failed to call pkl_init: ${error.message}" }.isEqualTo(0)
+    val result2 =
+      LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_send_message(
+        execRef.value,
+        10,
+        byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
+        error,
+      )
+    assertThat(result2).isNotEqualTo(0)
+    assertThat(error.message).isEqualTo("Invalid encoding: Malformed message header.")
+    assertThat(LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_close(execRef.value, error)).isEqualTo(0)
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  fun testVersionString() {
+    val currentVersion = Release.current().version.toString()
+    assertThat(LibPklJNA.INSTANCE.pkl_version()).isEqualTo(currentVersion)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/pkl-cli/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-cli/gradle.lockfile
index ea5d82a0f..6263e6d10 100644
--- a/pkl-cli/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-cli/gradle.lockfile
@@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -142,4 +141,4 @@ org.xmlunit:xmlunit-core:2.10.2=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenc
 org.xmlunit:xmlunit-legacy:2.10.2=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.xmlunit:xmlunit-placeholders:2.10.2=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.yaml:snakeyaml:2.4=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,javaExecutable,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,signatures,sourcesJar,stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedLinuxAarch64Executable,stagedLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedMacAarch64Executable,stagedMacAmd64Executable,stagedWindowsAmd64Executable,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,javaExecutable,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,sourcesJar,stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedLinuxAarch64Executable,stagedLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedMacAarch64Executable,stagedMacAmd64Executable,stagedWindowsAmd64Executable,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-codegen-java/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-codegen-java/gradle.lockfile
index 58056b084..cb5577fae 100644
--- a/pkl-codegen-java/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-codegen-java/gradle.lockfile
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -82,4 +81,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-codegen-kotlin/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-codegen-kotlin/gradle.lockfile
index ea24c0a24..8cbfc8db0 100644
--- a/pkl-codegen-kotlin/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-codegen-kotlin/gradle.lockfile
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,runtimeClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,testRuntimeClasspath
@@ -84,4 +83,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-commons-cli/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-commons-cli/gradle.lockfile
index f48257eda..4c5672ec1 100644
--- a/pkl-commons-cli/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-commons-cli/gradle.lockfile
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathSvm,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathSvm,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -93,4 +92,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=runtimeClasspath,svmClasspath,testRuntimeClasspat
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=runtimeClasspath,svmClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=runtimeClasspath,svmClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,signatures,sourcesJar,svmAnnotationProcessor,svmApiDependenciesMetadata,svmCompileClasspath,svmCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,svmImplementationDependenciesMetadata,svmIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,svmKotlinScriptDefExtensions,svmRuntimeClasspath,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,sourcesJar,svmAnnotationProcessor,svmApiDependenciesMetadata,svmCompileClasspath,svmCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,svmImplementationDependenciesMetadata,svmIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,svmKotlinScriptDefExtensions,svmRuntimeClasspath,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-commons-test/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-commons-test/gradle.lockfile
index 02049366a..09810f486 100644
--- a/pkl-commons-test/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-commons-test/gradle.lockfile
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcutil-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.43.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.graalvm.polyglot:polyglot:25.0.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:collections:25.0.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:graal-sdk:25.0.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:nativeimage:25.0.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:word:25.0.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-api:25.0.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-build-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
@@ -24,7 +30,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -47,5 +52,8 @@ org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.14.0=apiDependenciesMetadata,compile
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.14.0=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.14.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit:junit-bom:5.14.0=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=apiDependenciesMetadata,compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-commons-test/pkl-commons-test.gradle.kts b/pkl-commons-test/pkl-commons-test.gradle.kts
index 7c51898bb..bce04a1e2 100644
--- a/pkl-commons-test/pkl-commons-test.gradle.kts
+++ b/pkl-commons-test/pkl-commons-test.gradle.kts
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@ dependencies {
   api(libs.junitEngine)
   api(libs.junitParams)
   api(projects.pklCommons) // for convenience
+  implementation(projects.pklCore)
+  implementation(projects.pklServer)
   implementation(libs.assertj)
+  implementation(libs.msgpack)
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/MessagePackDebugRenderer.kt b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/MessagePackDebugRenderer.kt
similarity index 94%
rename from pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/MessagePackDebugRenderer.kt
rename to pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/MessagePackDebugRenderer.kt
index 71e7f7156..87d7362d2 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/MessagePackDebugRenderer.kt
+++ b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/MessagePackDebugRenderer.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.pkl.server
+package org.pkl.commons.test
 
 import java.lang.IllegalStateException
 import org.msgpack.core.MessagePack
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class MessagePackDebugRenderer(bytes: ByteArray) {
           sb.append("[]")
           return
         }
-        for (i in 0 until size) {
+        repeat(size) {
           newline()
           sb.append("- ")
           incIndent()
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class MessagePackDebugRenderer(bytes: ByteArray) {
           sb.append("{}")
           return
         }
-        for (i in 0 until size) {
+        repeat(size) {
           newline()
           renderKey()
           incIndent()
@@ -105,3 +105,6 @@ class MessagePackDebugRenderer(bytes: ByteArray) {
     sb.toString().removePrefix("\n")
   }
 }
+
+val ByteArray.msgpackDebugRendering: String
+  get() = MessagePackDebugRenderer(this).output
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/AbstractServerTest.kt b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/server/AbstractServerTest.kt
similarity index 95%
rename from pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/AbstractServerTest.kt
rename to pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/server/AbstractServerTest.kt
index b21c3564f..5006e5921 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/AbstractServerTest.kt
+++ b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/server/AbstractServerTest.kt
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.pkl.server
+package org.pkl.commons.test.server
 
 import java.net.URI
 import java.nio.file.Path
+import java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 import kotlin.io.path.createDirectories
 import kotlin.io.path.outputStream
 import kotlin.io.path.writeText
@@ -29,17 +31,46 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir
 import org.msgpack.core.MessagePack
+import org.pkl.commons.test.MessagePackDebugRenderer
 import org.pkl.commons.test.PackageServer
+import org.pkl.commons.test.msgpackDebugRendering
 import org.pkl.core.messaging.Messages.*
 import org.pkl.core.module.PathElement
+import org.pkl.server.*
 
+@Suppress("FunctionName")
 abstract class AbstractServerTest {
 
   companion object {
-    /** Set to `true` to bypass messagepack serialization when running [JvmServerTest]. */
-    internal const val USE_DIRECT_TRANSPORT = false
+    /** Set to `true` to bypass messagepack serialization when running JvmServerTest. */
+    const val USE_DIRECT_TRANSPORT = false
     lateinit var executor: ExecutorService
 
+    fun createDirectExecutor(): ExecutorService =
+      object : AbstractExecutorService() {
+        override fun execute(command: Runnable) {
+          command.run()
+        }
+
+        override fun shutdown() {}
+
+        override fun shutdownNow(): MutableList<Runnable> {
+          throw UnsupportedOperationException("shutdownNow")
+        }
+
+        override fun isShutdown(): Boolean {
+          throw UnsupportedOperationException("isShutdown")
+        }
+
+        override fun isTerminated(): Boolean {
+          throw UnsupportedOperationException("isTerminated")
+        }
+
+        override fun awaitTermination(timeout: Long, unit: TimeUnit): Boolean {
+          throw UnsupportedOperationException("awaitTermination")
+        }
+      }
+
     @BeforeAll
     @JvmStatic
     fun beforeAll() {
@@ -542,7 +573,7 @@ abstract class AbstractServerTest {
     )
 
     val evaluateResponse = client.receive<EvaluateResponse>()
-    assertThat(evaluateResponse.result?.debugRendering)
+    assertThat(evaluateResponse.result?.msgpackDebugRendering)
       .isEqualTo(
         """
       - 6
@@ -575,7 +606,7 @@ abstract class AbstractServerTest {
     client.send(ListModulesResponse(listModulesMsg.requestId, evaluatorId, null, null))
 
     val evaluateResponse = client.receive<EvaluateResponse>()
-    assertThat(evaluateResponse.result?.debugRendering)
+    assertThat(evaluateResponse.result?.msgpackDebugRendering)
       .isEqualTo(
         """
       - 6
@@ -629,7 +660,8 @@ abstract class AbstractServerTest {
   fun `read and evaluate module path from jar`(@TempDir tempDir: Path) {
     val jarFile = tempDir.resolve("resource1.jar")
     jarFile.outputStream().use { outStream ->
-      javaClass.getResourceAsStream("resource1.jar")!!.use { inStream ->
+      javaClass.getResourceAsStream("/org/pkl/commons/test/server/resource1.jar")!!.use { inStream
+        ->
         inStream.copyTo(outStream)
       }
     }
@@ -934,7 +966,7 @@ abstract class AbstractServerTest {
     val resp2 = client.receive<EvaluateResponse>()
     assertThat(resp2.error).isNull()
     assertThat(resp2.result).isNotNull()
-    assertThat(resp2.result?.debugRendering?.trim())
+    assertThat(resp2.result?.msgpackDebugRendering?.trim())
       .isEqualTo(
         """
         |
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/TestTransport.kt b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/server/TestTransport.kt
similarity index 92%
rename from pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/TestTransport.kt
rename to pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/server/TestTransport.kt
index 5782c335e..4a2237b80 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/TestTransport.kt
+++ b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/kotlin/org/pkl/commons/test/server/TestTransport.kt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright © 2024-2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.pkl.server
+package org.pkl.commons.test.server
 
 import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue
 import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/resources/org/pkl/server/resource1.jar b/pkl-commons-test/src/main/resources/org/pkl/commons/test/server/resource1.jar
similarity index 100%
rename from pkl-server/src/test/resources/org/pkl/server/resource1.jar
rename to pkl-commons-test/src/main/resources/org/pkl/commons/test/server/resource1.jar
diff --git a/pkl-commons/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-commons/gradle.lockfile
index 25b7b9300..fc2f652b4 100644
--- a/pkl-commons/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-commons/gradle.lockfile
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -48,4 +47,4 @@ org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.14.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.14.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit:junit-bom:5.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-config-java/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-config-java/gradle.lockfile
index 4b0c09e89..0fec37c3f 100644
--- a/pkl-config-java/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-config-java/gradle.lockfile
@@ -54,7 +54,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -83,4 +82,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=pklCodegenJava,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClassp
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=pklCodegenJava,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=pklCodegenJava,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,fatJar,firstPartySourcesJars,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,fatJar,firstPartySourcesJars,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-config-kotlin/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-config-kotlin/gradle.lockfile
index 2bb896aee..9089743c3 100644
--- a/pkl-config-kotlin/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-config-kotlin/gradle.lockfile
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,pklCodegenKotlin,runtimeClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -82,4 +81,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=pklCodegenKotlin,pklConfigJava,runtimeClasspath,t
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=pklCodegenKotlin,pklConfigJava,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=pklCodegenKotlin,pklConfigJava,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,pklConfigJavaAll,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,pklConfigJavaAll,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-core/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-core/gradle.lockfile
index 303b2b50a..80c1b577f 100644
--- a/pkl-core/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-core/gradle.lockfile
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathGenerator,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathGenerator,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -60,4 +59,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetada
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=apiDependenciesMetadata,generatorAnnotationProcessor,generatorApiDependenciesMetadata,generatorCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,generatorIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,generatorKotlinScriptDefExtensions,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,javaExecutable,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=apiDependenciesMetadata,generatorAnnotationProcessor,generatorApiDependenciesMetadata,generatorCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,generatorIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,generatorKotlinScriptDefExtensions,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,javaExecutable,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/messaging/MessageTransports.java b/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/messaging/MessageTransports.java
index 7062638a8..9a8e65b35 100644
--- a/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/messaging/MessageTransports.java
+++ b/pkl-core/src/main/java/org/pkl/core/messaging/MessageTransports.java
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright © 2024 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright © 2024-2025 Apple Inc. and the Pkl project authors. All rights reserved.
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ public void setOther(DirectMessageTransport other) {
     }
   }
 
-  protected abstract static class AbstractMessageTransport implements MessageTransport {
+  public abstract static class AbstractMessageTransport implements MessageTransport {
 
     private final Logger logger;
     private MessageTransport.OneWayHandler oneWayHandler;
diff --git a/pkl-doc/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-doc/gradle.lockfile
index 2367c7361..432564b9b 100644
--- a/pkl-doc/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-doc/gradle.lockfile
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -128,4 +127,4 @@ org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=nativeImageClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntime
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=nativeImageClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=nativeImageClasspath,runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,signatures,sourcesJar,stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedLinuxAarch64Executable,stagedLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedMacAarch64Executable,stagedMacAmd64Executable,stagedWindowsAmd64Executable,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,shadow,sourcesJar,stagedAlpineLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedLinuxAarch64Executable,stagedLinuxAmd64Executable,stagedMacAarch64Executable,stagedMacAmd64Executable,stagedWindowsAmd64Executable,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-executor/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-executor/gradle.lockfile
index 6328c9a4f..005f33e75 100644
--- a/pkl-executor/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-executor/gradle.lockfile
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -60,4 +59,4 @@ org.pkl-lang:pkl-config-java-all:0.25.0=pklHistoricalDistributions
 org.slf4j:slf4j-api:1.7.36=compileClasspath,implementationDependenciesMetadata,runtimeClasspath,testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.slf4j:slf4j-simple:1.7.36=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,pklDistributionCurrent,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,pklDistributionCurrent,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-formatter/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-formatter/gradle.lockfile
index 3b7af9fb3..a9c3f181b 100644
--- a/pkl-formatter/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-formatter/gradle.lockfile
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcutil-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.43.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.graalvm.polyglot:polyglot:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:collections:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:graal-sdk:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:nativeimage:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:word:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-api:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-build-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
@@ -24,7 +30,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -47,5 +52,8 @@ org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplem
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.14.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit:junit-bom:5.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=testRuntimeClasspath
+empty=annotationProcessor,compileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-gradle/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-gradle/gradle.lockfile
index 4de02ac6b..ad29217bd 100644
--- a/pkl-gradle/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-gradle/gradle.lockfile
@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcutil-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.43.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.graalvm.polyglot:polyglot:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:collections:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:graal-sdk:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:nativeimage:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:word:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-api:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-build-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
@@ -34,7 +40,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -57,5 +62,8 @@ org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplem
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.14.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit:junit-bom:5.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,runtimeClasspath,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=testRuntimeClasspath
+empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,runtimeClasspath,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-parser/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-parser/gradle.lockfile
index 3126908cd..8d1babcac 100644
--- a/pkl-parser/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-parser/gradle.lockfile
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.bouncycastle:bcutil-jdk18on:1.80=kotlinBouncyCastleConfiguration
 org.checkerframework:checker-qual:3.43.0=swiftExportClasspathResolvable
+org.graalvm.polyglot:polyglot:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:collections:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:graal-sdk:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:nativeimage:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.sdk:word:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.graalvm.truffle:truffle-api:25.0.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:abi-tools:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-build-tools-api:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
@@ -25,7 +31,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
@@ -48,5 +53,8 @@ org.junit.platform:junit-platform-commons:1.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplem
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-engine:1.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher:1.14.0=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.junit:junit-bom:5.14.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
+org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=testRuntimeClasspath
 org.opentest4j:opentest4j:1.3.0=testCompileClasspath,testImplementationDependenciesMetadata,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,runtimeClasspath,signatures,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
+org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=testRuntimeClasspath
+org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=testRuntimeClasspath
+empty=annotationProcessor,apiDependenciesMetadata,implementationDependenciesMetadata,intransitiveDependenciesMetadata,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinNativeCompilerPluginClasspath,kotlinScriptDefExtensions,runtimeClasspath,sourcesJar,testAnnotationProcessor,testApiDependenciesMetadata,testCompileOnlyDependenciesMetadata,testIntransitiveDependenciesMetadata,testKotlinScriptDefExtensions
diff --git a/pkl-server/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-server/gradle.lockfile
index fc7284e73..6e11701a5 100644
--- a/pkl-server/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-server/gradle.lockfile
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-client:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-daemon-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-klib-commonizer-embeddable:2.2.20=kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-metadata-jvm:2.2.20=kotlinInternalAbiValidation
-org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-native-prebuilt:2.0.21=kotlinNativeBundleConfiguration
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-script-runtime:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest,kotlinInternalAbiValidation,kotlinKlibCommonizerClasspath,swiftExportClasspathResolvable
 org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-scripting-common:2.2.20=kotlinBuildToolsApiClasspath,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathMain,kotlinCompilerPluginClasspathTest
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorSnippetTests.kt b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorSnippetTests.kt
index 761e5ee18..954c5f3e4 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorSnippetTests.kt
+++ b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorSnippetTests.kt
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import kotlin.Pair
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 import org.junit.platform.commons.annotation.Testable
 import org.pkl.commons.test.InputOutputTestEngine
+import org.pkl.commons.test.msgpackDebugRendering
 import org.pkl.core.*
 import org.pkl.core.evaluatorSettings.TraceMode
 import org.pkl.core.http.HttpClient
@@ -65,9 +66,6 @@ class BinaryEvaluatorSnippetTestEngine : InputOutputTestEngine() {
 
   override fun generateOutputFor(inputFile: Path): Pair<Boolean, String> {
     val bytes = evaluator.evaluate(ModuleSource.path(inputFile), null)
-    return true to bytes.debugRendering.stripFilePaths()
+    return true to bytes.msgpackDebugRendering.stripFilePaths()
   }
 }
-
-val ByteArray.debugRendering: String
-  get() = MessagePackDebugRenderer(this).output
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorTest.kt b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorTest.kt
index 2134a0887..35ac804eb 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorTest.kt
+++ b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/BinaryEvaluatorTest.kt
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import java.util.regex.Pattern
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.assertThrows
+import org.pkl.commons.test.msgpackDebugRendering
 import org.pkl.core.*
 import org.pkl.core.evaluatorSettings.TraceMode
 import org.pkl.core.http.HttpClient
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ class BinaryEvaluatorTest {
   @Test
   fun `evaluate whole module`() {
     val bytes = evaluate("foo = 1", null)
-    assertThat(bytes.debugRendering)
+    assertThat(bytes.msgpackDebugRendering)
       .isEqualTo(
         """
       - 1
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/JvmServerTest.kt b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/JvmServerTest.kt
index 84dbf6369..8681ba746 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/JvmServerTest.kt
+++ b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/JvmServerTest.kt
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ import java.io.PipedInputStream
 import java.io.PipedOutputStream
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
+import org.pkl.commons.test.server.AbstractServerTest
+import org.pkl.commons.test.server.TestTransport
 import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransport
 import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports
 import org.pkl.core.util.Pair
diff --git a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/NativeServerTest.kt b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/NativeServerTest.kt
index d0b1c4033..7284f903f 100644
--- a/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/NativeServerTest.kt
+++ b/pkl-server/src/test/kotlin/org/pkl/server/NativeServerTest.kt
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ package org.pkl.server
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
 import org.pkl.commons.test.Executables
+import org.pkl.commons.test.server.AbstractServerTest
+import org.pkl.commons.test.server.TestTransport
 import org.pkl.core.messaging.MessageTransports
 
 class NativeServerTest : AbstractServerTest() {
diff --git a/pkl-tools/gradle.lockfile b/pkl-tools/gradle.lockfile
index 1243e3d60..a01723c82 100644
--- a/pkl-tools/gradle.lockfile
+++ b/pkl-tools/gradle.lockfile
@@ -61,4 +61,4 @@ org.jline:jline-terminal:3.23.0=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.msgpack:msgpack-core:0.9.8=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.organicdesign:Paguro:3.10.3=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
 org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine:2.10=runtimeClasspath,testRuntimeClasspath
-empty=annotationProcessor,fatJar,firstPartySourcesJars,placeholderAnnotationProcessor,placeholderCompileClasspath,placeholderRuntimeClasspath,shadow,signatures,testAnnotationProcessor
+empty=annotationProcessor,fatJar,firstPartySourcesJars,placeholderAnnotationProcessor,placeholderCompileClasspath,placeholderRuntimeClasspath,shadow,testAnnotationProcessor
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index de11c8314..7ddbcee09 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ include("bench")
 
 include("docs")
 
+include("libpkl")
+
 include("pkl-cli")
 
 include("pkl-codegen-java")
diff --git a/stdlib/gradle.lockfile b/stdlib/gradle.lockfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 33cd30ff3..000000000
--- a/stdlib/gradle.lockfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# This is a Gradle generated file for dependency locking.
-# Manual edits can break the build and are not advised.
-# This file is expected to be part of source control.
-empty=signatures