From db169ef209538b1431cf4c325249ba5821efbdfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Clement Delafargue <clement@delafargue.name>
Date: Wed, 17 Jun 2026 23:47:02 +0200
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+---
+title: It’s traverse!
+author: Clement Delafargue
+tags: haskell, traverse
+---
+
+_This is adapted from [a talk](https://cltdl.fr/talks/it-s-traverse.html) I gave
+a couple times._
+
+While _everybody_ should know that the answer is `traverse`, I’m not sure people
+fully understand how often it actually is `traverse`, and why.
+
+But mostly, I want to brag about one line of code. It
+comes from [biscuit-haskell](https://github.com/eclipse-biscuit) and it looks
+like this (type annotations added for clarity):
+
+```haskell
+type Scoped a = (Set Natural, a)
+
+getCombinations :: [[Scoped Bindings]] -> [Scoped [Bindings]]
+getCombinations = getCompose . traverse Compose
+```
+
+First, let me back up and introduce a few things that will help showcase `traverse`.
+The running example will be reading secrets from environment variables. 
+
+```haskell
+-- this should be a newtype in an actual codebase, but let’s skip the noise
+type ServiceName = String
+type Secret = String
+
+-- given "galactus", reads a secret from "GALACTUS_SECRET"
+getSecret :: ServiceName -> IO Secret
+getSecret name =
+    let varName = fmap toUpper name <> "_SECRET" 
+     in getEnv varName
+```
+
+Let’s start simple, and try to go from `[ServiceName]` to `[Secret]`. Since
+reading secrets requires doing some `IO`, we’ll actually get `IO [Secret]`.
+
+Looking at `traverse`’s type,
+`Traversable t, Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> t a -> f (t b)`, and plugging `[]`
+as `t`, `IO` as `f`, `ServiceName` as `a` and `Secret` as `b`, we get
+`(ServiceName -> IO Secret) -> [ServiceName] -> IO [Secret]`. Then
+`traverse getSecret` is exactly what we need.
+
+If you’re familiar with Javascript, that looks like `Promise.all()`: iterating
+on an array with an async operation, while still collecting a list of results.
+
+The first reason why `traverse` is so versatile is that it works for any `Traversable`,
+including many types from the standard library `[]`, `Map k`, `Either a`, `(,) a`.
+This is already impressive compared to `Promise.all()` which only takes arrays.
+
+With typeclasses, you can implement `Traversable` on your own types. And in
+most cases, GHC can do it for you, thanks to `DeriveTraversable`:
+
+```haskell
+{-# LANGUAGE DeriveTraversable #-}
+
+data RoseTree a = MkRoseTree a [RoseTree a]
+  deriving (Functor, Traversable)
+
+data Services a = MkServices
+  { galactus :: a
+  , magicbaby :: a
+  }
+  deriving (Functor, Traversable)
+```
+
+From all this, we can already see `traverse` exposes effectful iteration, while
+being completely generalized on the datatype being iterated on.
+
+Now, remember `traverse`’s signature. Not only does it work with any
+`Traversable t`, but also with any `Applicative f`. We started with `IO`, of
+course, but there are many types that are `Applicative`: `Maybe`, `Either`,
+`(->) r`, `Monoid a => (,) a`, and of course all your favourite effect stacks
+and monad transformers. With free applicatives, you can even conjure an
+`Applicative` from thin air. Even if there is no `DeriveApplicative`, there are
+_a lot_ of applicatives out there.
+
+Even more interesting are instances of `Applicative` that are _not_ instances of
+`Monad`. The most famous one is surely `Validation e`, which is able to
+accumulate errors. A personal favourite is [`EnvVarParser`](https://blog.clement.delafargue.name/posts/2020-03-20-environment-variables-parsing-for-free-applicatives.html)
+which describes a parser for environment variables, which, thanks to being just
+`Applicative` and not `Monad`, able to describe expected variables and so on.
+Same goes for `Parser`, from `optparse-applicative`. With this, you’re able to
+build sophisticated, inspectable parsers out of arbitrary data structures. 
+
+So `traverse` generalizes the concept of iteration on two axes:
+
+- the data structure itself
+- the kind of effect being performed
+
+## Wait there’s one more thing
+
+Arbitrary composition of `Traversable`s are also `Traversable`. Arbitrary
+composition of `Applicative`s are also `Applicative` (crucially, this is not true
+for `Monad`). This is witnessed by the `Compose` type.
+
+If you want to `traverse` a `Services (Map String) a` with a function returning
+`IO (Validation (NonEmpty Error))`, you only have to sprinkle a few `Compose` and
+that’s it.
+
+We already have something that generalizes the `for` loop, arguably one of the
+most foundational programming concepts, on two orthogonal axes, and both of those
+axes compose freely.
+
+And that’s why it’s always `traverse`.