diff --git a/python/lorawan/README.md b/python/lorawan/README.md
index a871838..00144ce 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/README.md
+++ b/python/lorawan/README.md
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ it is *transferred*.
 | `AppKey` | OTAA root key — `apikey` scheme `name: "appKey"` | **yes (runtime)** |
 | `NwkKey` | OTAA network root key (1.1.x) — `apikey` scheme `name: "nwkKey"` | **yes (runtime)** |
 
-Device metadata that is not LoRaWAN-specific uses [schema.org](https://schema.org):
+Device metadata that is not LoRaWAN-specific uses established schemas, such as [schema.org](https://schema.org):
 `schema:manufacturer` and `schema:mpn` (the manufacturer's part number) identify
 the model, `schema:version` and `schema:softwareVersion` carry the hardware and
 firmware revisions, and the Thing's `id`/`title` identify the end device.
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ The **Tier** column shows how often each term appears across the bundled
 The rare terms exist because the reference schemas model real vendor payloads,
 so you can ignore them until a device needs one.
 
-| Term | Meaning | MultiTech | Tier | Seen in |
+| Term | Meaning | LoRa Alliance Payload Schema / MultiTech | Tier | Seen in |
 |------|---------|-----------|------|---------|
 | `lorav:wireType` | Wire data type (xsd alias or native, e.g. `xsd:short`, `s16`) | `type` | core | every device |
 | `lorav:endian` | Byte order of this multi-byte value, `"big"` (default) or `"little"` | `endian` | core | every multi-byte value |
@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ Supported `lorav:wireType` values: the sized XSD types (`xsd:byte`, `xsd:short`,
 | a unit code | `"unit": "Cel"` (already carries UN/CEFACT codes) |
 | a valid range | `"minimum": -40, "maximum": 85` |
 | the values a reading may take | `"enum": ["dry", "wet"]` |
+| a byte fixed at one value (e.g. a downlink command byte) | `"const": 3` |
 | manufacturer / part number | `"schema:manufacturer"`, `"schema:mpn"` on the Thing |
 | hardware / firmware version | `"schema:version"`, `"schema:softwareVersion"` on the Thing |
 
@@ -332,10 +333,10 @@ branch between them are expressed by giving several events the same locator:
 | A value belongs to one branch of a discriminator | `lorav:presentWhen: { "field": "event", "value": 1 }` |
 | A value is derived rather than read from the wire | `lorav:wireType: "number"` + `lorav:derived` |
 
-`lorav:presentWhen` always names the value it depends on in `field`, then gates
+`lorav:presentWhen` names the value it depends on in `field`, then gates
 on either a `bit` of it or an exact `value`.
 
-`lorav:bitmask` must select a *contiguous* range of bits. The base value is read
+`lorav:bitmask` selects a *contiguous* range of bits. The base value is read
 once and decoded into every event masking it, and bases wider than one byte
 (`u16`/`u24`/`u32`) work too, for ranges spanning several bytes.
 
@@ -343,10 +344,16 @@ once and decoded into every event masking it, and bases wider than one byte
 
 Some values a device reports are never transmitted. The payload carries a raw
 count and the vendor's documentation gives the arithmetic that turns it into the
-quantity the user asked for, or the value is computed from two other readings.
+quantity the user needs, such as, a value is computed from two other sensor readings.
 Such a value occupies **zero payload bytes**, which is what `lorav:wireType:
 "number"` records — there is no wire type, because there is nothing to read.
 
+`transform` is the exception. It post-processes a value that *was* read from the
+wire, so it sits next to a real `lorav:wireType` and `lorav:byteOffset` rather
+than replacing them. A `lorav:derived` carrying only `transform` keeps its wire
+type; one carrying `ref`, `polynomial`, `compute` or `guard` declares
+`"number"`.
+
 `lorav:derived` is one object with up to five keys, each naming *where the value
 comes from*. They apply in this order:
 
@@ -358,6 +365,8 @@ comes from*. They apply in this order:
 | `guard` | A precondition `{ "when": [ … ], "else": v }`; the value falls back to `v` when a `when` clause fails |
 | `transform` | Ordered post-processing steps, each one of `add` / `div` / `mult` / `round` |
 
+Examples: 
+
 Decentlab's 5TM soil sensor transmits a raw dielectric permittivity and
 documents a fourth-order fit for the water content derived from it:
 
@@ -496,7 +505,7 @@ fails on a fresh clone until you run the generator once.
   generation from the reference device schemas — across all four layouts and the
   `flagged` / `match` / `byte_group` / computed shapes (the
   [device catalog](#device-catalog)).
-* **Later:** downlink and actions (write/invoke); `formula`/`value`-style computed
+* **Later:** downlink and actions (write/invoke); `formula`-style computed
   fields; per-`fPort` branched codec generation; further payload layouts.
 
 ### Known limitations
@@ -505,9 +514,12 @@ The binding covers most common fixed/ports/TLV layouts, but these gaps remain:
 
 * **Arrays / nested object payloads** — dynamic `repeat` structures and
   object/array field values are not representable as flat TD events.
-* **Legacy computed-field forms** — the structured descriptors
+* **`formula` expressions** — the structured descriptors
   (`ref`/`polynomial`/`transform`/`compute`/`guard`) are supported, but raw
-  `formula`/literal-`value` expressions in source schemas are not converted.
+  `formula` expressions in source schemas are not converted.
+* **`bitfield_string` fields** — a field rendering packed bits as text has no
+  form term and takes its device out of the catalog. Affects 36 Milesight
+  schemas, which adopted the type in the current submodule pin.
 * **TLV variants outside `tag_fields` style** — `tag_size`/length-prefixed TLV
   forms and some non-standard tag-key encodings are not converted.
 * **Match defaults** — explicit enumerated `match` cases are supported (including
@@ -516,11 +528,6 @@ The binding covers most common fixed/ports/TLV layouts, but these gaps remain:
 * **Alternate source branches** — when one output field switches to a different
   byte source under an extension/status flag (Dragino `Ext`-style), only the
   common path is modeled.
-* **`lorav:valueMap` tables must start at 0 and be contiguous** — the reference
-  interpreter indexes the table positionally (`0 <= value < len(table)`), so a
-  table keyed 1–3 drops its last entry: wire value 3 decodes to `3` rather than
-  its label. Affects three RadioBridge `rbs30x` events. The leaked integer fails
-  the event's own `data` schema, so it is at least detectable.
 * **TS013 JS generator shared-byte gap** — `generate_ts013_codec.py` can drop
   bare bit-range fields and fail to advance the cursor correctly. This affects
   generated JavaScript only; `lorawan-wot decode` remains correct.
diff --git a/python/lorawan/external/device-payload-schema b/python/lorawan/external/device-payload-schema
index 0701777..1174141 160000
--- a/python/lorawan/external/device-payload-schema
+++ b/python/lorawan/external/device-payload-schema
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 0701777614e5eb82408ae40e40bd7e8c89acc801
+Subproject commit 1174141077b8f6210f7d92d43a16e159360b0d2d
diff --git a/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/converter.py b/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/converter.py
index 9398a25..adcb763 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/converter.py
+++ b/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/converter.py
@@ -210,11 +210,23 @@ def derived(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
     def is_computed(self) -> bool:
         """True when this value is derived (zero payload bytes).
 
-        A computed value carries ``lorav:wireType`` ``"number"`` and/or a
-        ``lorav:derived`` descriptor object; the reference interpreter evaluates
-        it from other already-decoded values rather than reading wire bytes.
+        A derived value has nothing to read: its ``lorav:wireType`` is
+        ``"number"``, the marker the reference interpreter evaluates from other
+        already-decoded values rather than from wire bytes.
+
+        Carrying a ``lorav:derived`` descriptor does not by itself make a value
+        derived. ``transform`` post-processes a value that *was* read from the
+        wire, and treating any descriptor as proof of derivation gave a
+        transform-carrying scalar a byte width of zero: every field after it read
+        from the wrong offset, and the field itself dropped out of the decode.
+        That is a wrong Thing Description rather than a missing one, which no
+        count of converted devices can detect.
         """
-        return self.form.get(vocab.WIRE_TYPE) == vocab.COMPUTED_TYPE or bool(self.derived)
+        wire = self.form.get(vocab.WIRE_TYPE)
+        if wire is None:
+            # Nothing declared to read, so the descriptors are all there is.
+            return bool(self.derived)
+        return wire == vocab.COMPUTED_TYPE
 
     @property
     def byte_width(self) -> int:
@@ -231,6 +243,11 @@ def byte_width(self) -> int:
                 f"Event {self.name!r}: type {wire!r} requires "
                 f"{vocab.BYTE_LENGTH!r} to determine its byte width."
             )
+        if int(length) == vocab.BYTE_LENGTH_REMAINING:
+            # Width known only at decode time. Reported as 0 so it does not
+            # advance a fixed-layout cursor by a nonsense amount: a field that
+            # eats the rest of the payload has nothing after it to place.
+            return 0
         return int(length)
 
     # -- MultiTech field body -------------------------------------------------
@@ -256,6 +273,13 @@ def body(self, default_endian: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
         # they appear on the form (which preserves the source schema's order).
         _emit_scaling(field, self.form)
 
+        # A wire field may still post-process what it read. Carried here as well
+        # as on the derived path: dropping it left the bytes read correctly but
+        # unscaled, so decentlab's air_temperature reported 65535 instead of
+        # 327.67.
+        if (transform := self.derived.get("transform")) is not None:
+            field["transform"] = copy.deepcopy(transform)
+
         # Length for variable-length types (string/bytes/hex/base64).
         if (length := self.form.get(vocab.BYTE_LENGTH)) is not None:
             field["length"] = int(length)
@@ -289,6 +313,11 @@ def _emit_semantics(self, field: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
             field["lookup"] = lookup
         if (valid_range := self._valid_range()) is not None:
             field["valid_range"] = valid_range
+        if (const := self.data.get("const")) is not None:
+            # The byte an encoder must emit. Decoding ignores it -- the
+            # interpreter reports whatever the payload held -- so this only has to
+            # survive the round trip.
+            field["value"] = const
 
     def _lookup(self) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
         """Build the interpreter's ``lookup`` table from the form's value map.
diff --git a/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/schema_to_td.py b/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/schema_to_td.py
index b49b33d..25f3e0b 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/schema_to_td.py
+++ b/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/schema_to_td.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ast
+import copy
 import enum
 import re
 from typing import Any
@@ -45,6 +46,14 @@
         "values",
         "lookup",
         "valid_range",
+        "transform",  # post-processing of a value read from the wire
+        # A byte fixed at this value when *encoding*. It is not a derived value:
+        # the reference interpreter ignores it when decoding, reading the byte and
+        # reporting what the payload actually held. Every downlink command in the
+        # schema library declares its category and command bytes that way, so
+        # treating it as unconvertible cost 45 devices. It rides on the event's
+        # data schema as ``const``; see _data_schema.
+        "value",
     }
 )
 
@@ -61,19 +70,18 @@
         "comment",
         "unece",  # UN/CEFACT unit code; TD core's ``unit`` carries the unit
         "var",  # names a field for later $reference; decoding-neutral here
+        "sensor",  # names the sensor a channel belongs to; an annotation like ``semantic``
     }
 )
 
-#: Field keys / types that mark a *computed* (derived) value the binding cannot
-#: express, since it is post-processing math rather than a raw wire field.
-_COMPUTED_FIELD_KEYS: frozenset[str] = frozenset(
-    {"ref", "polynomial", "transform", "formula", "compute", "guard", "value"}
-)
-_COMPUTED_FIELD_TYPES: frozenset[str] = frozenset({"number", "bitfield_string"})
+#: Field types the binding has no term for. ``number`` is *not* here: it is the
+#: derived-value marker, which is routed to the computed path rather than
+#: rejected. ``bitfield_string`` renders packed bits as text and has no form term.
+_UNSUPPORTED_FIELD_TYPES: frozenset[str] = frozenset({"bitfield_string"})
 
 #: Derived-value descriptors the binding *does* support (carried verbatim onto a
-#: ``lorav:`` form). ``formula``/``value`` remain unsupported and keep their
-#: fields out of the convertible subset.
+#: ``lorav:`` form). ``formula`` remains unsupported and keeps its fields out of
+#: the convertible subset.
 _COMPUTED_DESCRIPTORS: frozenset[str] = frozenset(
     {"ref", "polynomial", "transform", "compute", "guard"}
 )
@@ -107,6 +115,8 @@ class SkipReason(enum.Enum):
     MATCH_CASE_KEY = "non-integer match case key"
     TLV_TAG = "unsupported tlv tag key"
     ENUM_TABLE = "unsupported enum table"
+    LENGTH_NOT_FIXED = "length is not a byte count ($variable)"
+    INTERNAL_REF = "derived value reads a value the TD does not carry"
     MALFORMED = "malformed / non-conforming schema"
     OTHER = "other"
 
@@ -132,18 +142,79 @@ def payload_schema_to_td(schema: dict[str, Any], *, source: str) -> dict[str, An
     if not isinstance(schema, dict):
         raise UnsupportedSchemaError("schema is not a mapping", reason=SkipReason.MALFORMED)
     if "ports" in schema:
-        return _ports_td(schema, source)
+        td = _ports_td(schema, source)
+    else:
+        fields = schema.get("fields")
+        if not isinstance(fields, list) or not fields:
+            raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
+                "schema has no top-level 'fields' list", reason=SkipReason.MALFORMED
+            )
+        if len(fields) == 1 and isinstance(fields[0], dict) and "tlv" in fields[0]:
+            td = _tlv_td(schema, source)
+        else:
+            td = _fixed_td(schema, source)
+    _reject_unresolvable_inputs(td.get(vocab.EVENTS) or {})
+    return td
+
 
-    fields = schema.get("fields")
-    if not isinstance(fields, list) or not fields:
+def _referenced_names(descriptor: Any) -> set[str]:
+    """Every ``$name`` a derived-value descriptor reads, at any nesting depth."""
+    found: set[str] = set()
+    if isinstance(descriptor, str):
+        if descriptor.startswith("$"):
+            found.add(descriptor[1:])
+    elif isinstance(descriptor, dict):
+        for value in descriptor.values():
+            found |= _referenced_names(value)
+    elif isinstance(descriptor, list):
+        for item in descriptor:
+            found |= _referenced_names(item)
+    return found
+
+
+def _reject_unresolvable_inputs(events: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    """Reject a Thing Description whose derived values read something it lacks.
+
+    A derived value names its inputs with ``$name``. The forward conversion
+    rebuilds a payload schema from the events alone, so an input with no event of
+    its own comes back as nothing and the reference interpreter evaluates the
+    field against zero -- qingping reported a temperature of -50 where its schema
+    says 359.5, because ``$_temp_raw`` was internal scratch state.
+
+    Checked against the assembled events rather than by rejecting every internal
+    name: most internal inputs *do* get an event and resolve correctly, and
+    rejecting on the name alone cost 22 devices to prevent one wrong Thing
+    Description.
+
+    Skipped rather than approximated. A Thing Description that decodes to the
+    wrong number is worse than one that does not exist, and unlike a skip it is
+    invisible in the catalog count.
+    """
+    available = set(events)
+    # An internal input that is a bit range cannot survive the round trip: the
+    # forms are emitted correctly, but rebuilding flattens the byte group into
+    # top-level bit-range fields, and the interpreter does not store a top-level
+    # `_`-prefixed field as a variable. Plain internal scalars are unaffected.
+    masked_internal = {
+        name
+        for name, event in events.items()
+        if name.startswith("_")
+        and any(vocab.BITMASK in form for form in event.get(vocab.FORMS, []))
+    }
+    missing: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+    for name, event in events.items():
+        for form in event.get(vocab.FORMS, []):
+            referenced = _referenced_names(form.get(vocab.DERIVED))
+            unresolved = sorted((referenced - available) | (referenced & masked_internal))
+            if unresolved:
+                missing.setdefault(name, []).extend(unresolved)
+    if missing:
+        detail = "; ".join(f"{n} reads {sorted(set(refs))}" for n, refs in missing.items())
         raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
-            "schema has no top-level 'fields' list", reason=SkipReason.MALFORMED
+            f"derived value input is not an event: {detail}",
+            reason=SkipReason.INTERNAL_REF,
         )
 
-    if len(fields) == 1 and isinstance(fields[0], dict) and "tlv" in fields[0]:
-        return _tlv_td(schema, source)
-    return _fixed_td(schema, source)
-
 
 # --- layout builders ---------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -552,27 +623,47 @@ def _check_field_keys(field: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
 
 
 def _reject_computed(field: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
-    """Reject computed/derived fields (post-processing math, not raw wire data)."""
+    """Reject fields the binding has no way to express."""
     if not isinstance(field, dict):
         raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
             f"field is not a mapping: {field!r}", reason=SkipReason.MALFORMED
         )
-    if field.get("type") in _COMPUTED_FIELD_TYPES:
+    if field.get("type") in _UNSUPPORTED_FIELD_TYPES:
         raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
-            f"computed field type {field.get('type')!r}", reason=SkipReason.COMPUTED
+            f"unsupported field type {field.get('type')!r}", reason=SkipReason.COMPUTED
         )
-    computed = _COMPUTED_FIELD_KEYS & field.keys()
-    if computed:
+    if _is_computed_field(field):
+        # A derived field on the scalar path is a routing mistake rather than a
+        # schema outside the subset: every caller checks _is_computed_field first.
         raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
-            f"computed field uses keys: {sorted(computed)}", reason=SkipReason.COMPUTED
+            f"derived field {field.get('name')!r} reached the scalar path",
+            reason=SkipReason.COMPUTED,
         )
+    if "formula" in field:
+        # A free-text expression, which the binding has no term for.
+        raise UnsupportedSchemaError("field uses 'formula'", reason=SkipReason.COMPUTED)
 
 
 def _is_computed_field(field: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
-    """True when a source field is a derived value rather than a raw wire field."""
+    """True when a source field is a derived value rather than a raw wire field.
+
+    A derived value has nothing to read: either ``type: number``, or no type at
+    all plus a descriptor saying where its value comes from.
+
+    Carrying a descriptor is not itself enough. ``transform`` post-processes a
+    value that *was* read from the wire, and treating any field carrying one as
+    derived replaced its wire type with the derived marker, making it zero bytes
+    wide -- decentlab's ``air_temperature`` (a ``u16`` with
+    ``transform: [{div: 100}, {add: -327.68}]``) then vanished from the generated
+    Thing Description and shifted every field after it. A silently wrong
+    conversion, not a skipped one, so the catalog count stayed quiet about it.
+    """
     if not isinstance(field, dict):
         return False
-    return field.get("type") == vocab.COMPUTED_TYPE or bool(_COMPUTED_DESCRIPTORS & field.keys())
+    ftype = field.get("type")
+    if ftype is None:
+        return bool(_COMPUTED_DESCRIPTORS & field.keys())
+    return ftype == vocab.COMPUTED_TYPE
 
 
 def _computed_event(field: dict[str, Any], **locator: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -733,7 +824,13 @@ def _byte_width(base: str, field: dict[str, Any]) -> int:
             f"variable-length type {base!r} on field {field.get('name')!r} needs a length",
             reason=SkipReason.MALFORMED,
         )
-    return int(length)
+    width = _byte_length(length)
+    if width == vocab.BYTE_LENGTH_REMAINING:
+        # Width known only at decode time. Counted as 0 so it does not move the
+        # cursor by a nonsense amount: a field that eats the rest of the payload
+        # has nothing after it to place.
+        return 0
+    return width
 
 
 def _build_form(
@@ -767,7 +864,14 @@ def _build_form(
     if "var" in field:
         form[vocab.ALIAS] = field["var"]
     if "length" in field:
-        form[vocab.BYTE_LENGTH] = int(field["length"])
+        form[vocab.BYTE_LENGTH] = _byte_length(field["length"])
+    if "transform" in field:
+        # Post-processing applied to a value that *was* read from the wire. It
+        # lives under lorav:derived because that object names the operation, but
+        # the field keeps its real wire type: it reads bytes and then adjusts
+        # them. The stages run in order, after mult/div/add, so the list is
+        # carried as written.
+        form[vocab.DERIVED] = {"transform": copy.deepcopy(field["transform"])}
     return form
 
 
@@ -831,6 +935,12 @@ def _data_schema(wot_type: str, field: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
             if label not in labels:
                 labels.append(label)
         data["enum"] = labels
+    if "value" in field:
+        # A byte the device always sends with this value -- a command or category
+        # identifier on a downlink. TD core's ``const`` says exactly that, so no
+        # binding term is needed: it constrains what the value may be, which is a
+        # fact about the data rather than about how it is transferred.
+        data["const"] = field["value"]
     return data
 
 
@@ -847,6 +957,36 @@ def _wot_type(base: str, field: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
     return "integer"
 
 
+def _is_int_key(key: Any) -> bool:
+    """Whether a lookup table key names an integer value."""
+    try:
+        int(key)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def _byte_length(raw: Any) -> int:
+    """Turn a source ``length`` into a :data:`vocab.BYTE_LENGTH` byte count.
+
+    ``length: remaining`` consumes everything from the read position to the end
+    of the payload (PS-014). It becomes ``-1``, the sentinel the form vocabulary
+    already defines for it and the one the reference interpreter maps the keyword
+    onto, so the field converts instead of taking its device out of the catalog.
+
+    A ``$variable`` length is rejected: no implementation of the specification
+    supports it, so there is nothing to round trip to.
+    """
+    if isinstance(raw, str):
+        if raw.strip().lower() == "remaining":
+            return vocab.BYTE_LENGTH_REMAINING
+    if not _is_int_key(raw):
+        raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
+            f"unsupported length {raw!r}", reason=SkipReason.LENGTH_NOT_FIXED
+        )
+    return int(raw)
+
+
 def _enum(field: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
     """Canonicalise a ``values``/``lookup`` table to a ``{int: label}`` mapping."""
     raw = field.get("values", field.get("lookup"))
@@ -855,6 +995,21 @@ def _enum(field: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[int, Any] | None:
     if isinstance(raw, list):
         return dict(enumerate(raw))
     if isinstance(raw, dict):
+        # A table may carry a ``default`` label covering every value it does not
+        # list (PS-269). ``lorav:valueMap`` pairs one wire value with one decoded
+        # value and has no way to say "anything else", so the field cannot round
+        # trip: dropping the key would decode an unmapped value as absent where
+        # the schema names it. Skipped rather than approximated.
+        #
+        # Checked before converting, because the bare ``int(key)`` below raised an
+        # uncaught ValueError that aborted the whole catalog run instead of
+        # skipping the one device -- a crash, not a skip, and only visible once a
+        # schema in the library actually used ``default``.
+        if any(not _is_int_key(key) for key in raw):
+            raise UnsupportedSchemaError(
+                f"enum table has a non-integer key: {sorted(map(str, raw))}",
+                reason=SkipReason.ENUM_TABLE,
+            )
         return {int(key): label for key, label in raw.items()}
     raise UnsupportedSchemaError(f"unsupported enum table {raw!r}", reason=SkipReason.ENUM_TABLE)
 
diff --git a/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/vocab.py b/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/vocab.py
index 6374e97..342dfd8 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/vocab.py
+++ b/python/lorawan/src/lorawan_wot/vocab.py
@@ -114,6 +114,11 @@
 BITMASK: Final = "lorav:bitmask"  # hex mask, e.g. "0x3FFF"
 BYTE_OFFSET: Final = "lorav:byteOffset"  # fixed-layout position (bytes)
 BYTE_LENGTH: Final = "lorav:byteLength"  # byte length for string/bytes/hex
+#: :data:`BYTE_LENGTH` value meaning "consume the rest of the payload". The
+#: reference interpreter accepts either the keyword ``remaining`` or any negative
+#: integer; the negative form is the sentinel its parsers share, so it is the one
+#: a numeric term can carry.
+BYTE_LENGTH_REMAINING: Final = -1
 TAG: Final = "lorav:tag"  # tlv/ctv case selector, e.g. [3, 103]
 
 #: Scaling terms mapped to their MultiTech field key, in the order the reference
diff --git a/python/lorawan/tests/golden/snapshot.json b/python/lorawan/tests/golden/snapshot.json
index a8c3fb9..2192547 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/tests/golden/snapshot.json
+++ b/python/lorawan/tests/golden/snapshot.json
@@ -323,15 +323,15 @@
     },
     "dragino-lht65n-port2_ext1_basic_branch": {
       "batteryVoltage": 2.8850000000000002,
-      "temperature": 27.0,
+      "temperature": 27,
       "humidity": 73.3,
       "extensionCode": 1,
       "pollMessageStatus": 0,
       "retransmissionStatus": 0
     },
     "dragino-lht65n-port2_ext9_ds_branch": {
-      "batteryVoltage": 2.0,
-      "temperature": 27.0,
+      "batteryVoltage": 2,
+      "temperature": 27,
       "humidity": 73.3,
       "extensionCode": 9,
       "pollMessageStatus": 0,
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
     },
     "dragino-lht65n-port2_ext15_no_sht": {
       "batteryVoltage": 2.8850000000000002,
-      "temperature": 27.0,
+      "temperature": 27,
       "humidity": 73.3,
       "extensionCode": 15,
       "pollMessageStatus": 0,
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@
     },
     "generic-lorawan11-negative_temperature": {
       "battery": 20,
-      "temperature": -5.0,
+      "temperature": -5,
       "_quality": {
         "battery": "good"
       }
@@ -375,9 +375,9 @@
     },
     "mclimate-mc-button-triple_press_zero_temp": {
       "frameType": 1,
-      "batteryVoltage": 2.0,
+      "batteryVoltage": 2,
       "thermistorProperlyConnected": true,
-      "sensorTemperature": 0.0,
+      "sensorTemperature": 0,
       "pressEvent": 3
     },
     "mclimate-mc-button-triple_press_temp": {
@@ -389,19 +389,19 @@
     },
     "milesight-em300-th-temperature_humidity": {
       "temperature": 24.8,
-      "humidity": 49.0
+      "humidity": 49
     },
     "milesight-em300-th-battery_temperature_humidity": {
       "battery": 100,
       "temperature": 24.9,
-      "humidity": 49.0
+      "humidity": 49
     },
     "milesight-em300-th-negative_temperature": {
       "temperature": -2.5
     },
     "milesight-em300-zld-nominal_reading": {
       "temperature": 32.6,
-      "humidity": 32.0,
+      "humidity": 32,
       "leakage_status": "normal"
     },
     "milesight-em300-zld-nominal_reading_cooler": {
@@ -414,88 +414,143 @@
       "batteryVoltage": 3.6,
       "lowBattery": 0,
       "temperature": 25.38,
-      "humidity": 68.0
+      "humidity": 68
     },
     "netvox-r718a-negative_temperature": {
       "reportType": 1,
       "batteryVoltage": 3.6,
       "lowBattery": 0,
-      "temperature": -5.0,
-      "humidity": 50.0
+      "temperature": -5,
+      "humidity": 50
     },
     "netvox-r718a-low_battery_flag": {
       "reportType": 1,
       "batteryVoltage": 3.6,
       "lowBattery": 1,
       "temperature": 25.38,
-      "humidity": 68.0
+      "humidity": 68
     }
   },
   "catalog": {
-    "scanned": 158,
-    "generated": 157,
+    "scanned": 218,
+    "generated": 167,
     "skipped": {
-      "mixed/unsupported field shape": 1
+      "bit-range field type": 1,
+      "computed/derived field (ref/polynomial/transform)": 37,
+      "derived value reads a value the TD does not carry": 1,
+      "mixed/unsupported field shape": 2,
+      "unsupported enum table": 1,
+      "unsupported field keys (repeat/object/array)": 7,
+      "unsupported tlv tag key": 2
     },
     "schema_digests": {
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+      "_language-conformance/round-half-to-even.yaml": "8edba487b164c909d4b51cb2d4a61748245d2e876a47e7f53957ac757cb3adc6",
+      "_language-conformance/skip-type.yaml": "d13535f8a6ee36f799307c6cf511089322a318f1e925929d42a3fb0c6d5a7074",
+      "_language-conformance/transform-maths.yaml": "d36ad1e82ec3f1e3c1f1740c6bd429c5277651875d617f550cf67d8a545c34dd",
+      "_library-composed/alarm_config__set_delta_threshold.yaml": "15c1a5fa25dd5c2412961ef19f11c8f2426804b2e5790619011fb964c903cca7",
+      "_library-composed/alarm_config__set_temp_alarm.yaml": "da5e37c20eed1a03dae1d24972649b0b5dd6beb1c53b95814da9ddc1aed9bd4e",
+      "_library-composed/data_logging__clear_log.yaml": "c8794b476445a674616ea034a9640641d22f8a178c65ba5a0bee5447ddb0f7fc",
+      "_library-composed/data_logging__enable_logging.yaml": "0a61e4c835693376af8da1448efcfd975918e29dc5390b165a730a40c5a6941d",
+      "_library-composed/data_logging__fetch_all.yaml": "150b368ccb2249e5745de8db5efbbd09fd0023599274a2b12212a9b04ca0ab1e",
+      "_library-composed/device_management__factory_reset.yaml": "c1173c3b230188da0115317ba4419460da19e139c969397d562ceb78eac3d378",
+      "_library-composed/device_management__identify_10sec.yaml": "b1c711de0c47d22fc87553e3afaadb87c5c139340c71c1accf200ebbff3ff2f9",
+      "_library-composed/device_management__reboot_immediate.yaml": "9eaadcabc270965dd61dde602635d474a0b9d04966ab2742df487fc1c0b7f7ee",
+      "_library-composed/gps_tracker__clear_all_geofences.yaml": "628af42c330f4b38b8b9c91a94477aeee19f46cb46eddf6d39d5a292ac7237a9",
+      "_library-composed/gps_tracker__request_position.yaml": "55ef65795e3cb031e04c09cc03757f8f7187e53986b5e4b9e2c7518ca41db8da",
+      "_library-composed/gps_tracker__set_geofence.yaml": "bbcc1d36a72f34defc9fabf57e14fa03b1c1879e759f9b7e4f79f085e1545c07",
+      "_library-composed/lorawan_frames__join_request.yaml": "d962793fb4f9eb6d7a7daeede0b4eae43c3a969aab5eccf6067bc2acf4548f26",
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+      "_library-composed/ts003_clock_sync__app_time_ans_positive_correction.yaml": "fb76f6256384dcde9abb4e7a1ad9f5b2c71e82886f99036dba099aa194e6ab68",
+      "_library-composed/ts003_clock_sync__app_time_req_with_ans_required.yaml": "65d3b36bcdbda8954d4a36603103aa85d76bbbfec8bdc312e7aaaaeb5f1266f3",
+      "_library-composed/ts003_clock_sync__force_resync.yaml": "fb23bc9c63cfa532d8d9c6681272a6e6f937163fc160e9b81be172f208bb2959",
+      "_library-composed/ts003_clock_sync__package_version_req.yaml": "8f1272e4877c01dbfb35af2558702891884b8ff01bd7a8623f24fc24f5854307",
+      "_library-composed/ts003_clock_sync__set_periodicity_daily.yaml": "def7c5d61ade2ef18ae49d6ebeac9e520fa263600a6ace52d537d0c55126b966",
+      "_library-composed/ts004_fragmentation__frag_session_delete.yaml": "baadc29e2532859cde32889bb553e0d54e9a48b0266e782bbc9ee74fae07654d",
+      "_library-composed/ts004_fragmentation__frag_session_status_query.yaml": "eea5d9830ef33187ad4cb3f0b2cc183c0019a2bde4801424b22dc7ee1aa651b7",
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+      "_library-composed/ts005_multicast__mc_group_delete_0.yaml": "99446cd6eae3a7efe29361d63a9ef6b91de6dea065f2cd8d2024d9aaef49c887",
+      "_library-composed/ts005_multicast__mc_group_status_all.yaml": "a9af8721148580fb3512bb5041822083bb89f283d9c7d700997722ae2c7befb3",
+      "_library-composed/ts005_multicast__package_version_req.yaml": "9b6666de3be4fd110b60f973eb45975134522bf052190e6a038326603d88a5d6",
+      "_library-composed/ts006_firmware_mgmt__delete_any_image.yaml": "00bb27a832b82a2c9d2811d428cbac9a5c5e3350090844faadec76e3e2f5c110",
+      "_library-composed/ts006_firmware_mgmt__dev_version_req.yaml": "4e7a87d2b631820dc9d892fdcb87e19ecbf47bd6443d1bb925f97aa34f2e8697",
+      "_library-composed/ts006_firmware_mgmt__package_version_req.yaml": "607b002c4291809715cc1cd6a3f417bf70339afb01bb80bacd0c0fe9229b69a8",
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+      "_library-composed/ts006_firmware_mgmt__reboot_countdown_5min.yaml": "32a77c4676f33a4c6e4d2af49251cb65c71bb246555cb780be74a63dd21ad37a",
+      "_library-composed/ts006_firmware_mgmt__reboot_immediate.yaml": "c7572367e66b7580d2d1b39edbb2ff6d290eca5a6e291a6c13b2f7b459912de8",
+      "_library-composed/ts006_firmware_mgmt__upgrade_image_query.yaml": "9a52d3dddde4a44b67bc1c65987c3cf39a8cdb6b082642cb63fee33cda864e20",
+      "_library-composed/ts007_multi_package__package_version_req.yaml": "aa35304cff903f07dd23e60f8fc407edb3bd920ee97a3818f990b4733c83f702",
+      "_library-composed/udp_packet_forwarder__push_ack.yaml": "86cd7d4306964d2d822aaf1b437cf331b1a32be71ccb30e75719c4d596787e66",
+      "_library-composed/udp_packet_forwarder__push_data_header.yaml": "cd2f3ad803cdc1aa7c1f0bba43eb4b82dd3fe89fa803abd62bd337f0bba948e1",
+      "_library-composed/utility_meter__reset_all_counters.yaml": "baa7be4e15321e2cbf23bde2b3e7ce4ece68a65e6b0bc1a85bd961e96b10b31e",
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-      "decentlab/dl-zn2.yaml": "ce00162a0fc73905aee7cec1fd2edbf866133e955ec36e049e37b9b6d3c71fe2",
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+      "decentlab/dl-zn2.yaml": "41f5891f84d60ec0f55243870a0414350e279b20e332b49959111f2f4e615236",
       "digital-matter/oyster.yaml": "42e4e20b9efdde63eaeccca42e151b0f6f6138479e2b0b50c9f6fb964de3d8e4",
       "dragino/laq4.yaml": "e913170946f74e08e01442a235607fbb154511b256b09721ab40403efb3c70fc",
       "elsys/ers.yaml": "ac3d1412cb131e3c4c115f6d0312f80b68f9ef9f982cf9b370e28ef9fa413125",
@@ -507,94 +562,55 @@
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-      "milesight/vs330.yaml": "9913be4228daf3087efee8295c39071a94e881dfef847c7a2764d7736eafb334",
-      "milesight/vs340.yaml": "894a5bcbd212e48861c98cb6a9fd7c514d1b70670ffdc232a8a425fee2f55c06",
-      "milesight/vs341.yaml": "ba2331d95022c4cb04ea49dfb9bc908ca7807898609b7849bedd928ce275cda4",
-      "milesight/vs350.yaml": "9147278272db47a1d6f147c0a5681d7e23c7ed8043bf3ce0369a661eeb34ba6b",
-      "milesight/vs351.yaml": "1c6aafa15fe0a363ea508179681c505e13f16855f366cdb718d31e836d554643",
-      "milesight/vs360.yaml": "2044fa3f84b668ba9df24c245142b2653863d2e04ca48178886970e87376d1f3",
-      "milesight/vs370.yaml": "e4df709fa1cce14ec99482c271cda81a0726cb4a7dba420794e189adc4dd0859",
-      "milesight/vs373.yaml": "83682858152522541256f0719e6b02fccdd42181fd6ee9ba2f5ea36cdce63141",
-      "milesight/ws101.yaml": "bf623d299569f6823f40056627fecc5a98cb724742313728855a4c546a2d475a",
-      "milesight/ws136.yaml": "71c1d6b146650fb323b4438e287d7bd3e9e42a08ef4d43234bb38c2ac50bb98f",
-      "milesight/ws156.yaml": "e7d90cc0cc57f5ab5c3ea54f345b28870c0b4e144709d67223462d477475c011",
-      "milesight/ws201.yaml": "b714dc41ad761a6a4c43eaf7ff068c32bf5b04490d09d67e8fc9a6213cf16399",
-      "milesight/ws202.yaml": "afe754d9b28f14dde9d0898c8cdb7e8793980f0bdf22dc683732005d86a2ba85",
-      "milesight/ws203.yaml": "e5f640f4bfaff3f9ab36301b935f51d2daae9f28f40b7692ee9adec9a6cff5b6",
-      "milesight/ws301.yaml": "738cf378d3c9ef88c3c2c1d7affd07ee5f670361890c3909ae877441244b8c23",
-      "milesight/ws302.yaml": "73d5532ca825066acc7c51b3b6e706911e2047485e479280fc7b1a7b8e0e18e1",
-      "milesight/ws303.yaml": "1459a1b18b4217d70c0d90b70006ea317627d70a72ecd72e61fb803330976c0e",
-      "milesight/ws50x.yaml": "5d1344c0ac65f9b54624bdf4b1fdeb3164465949da3215bcf958fef1610c5746",
-      "milesight/ws515.yaml": "ed2b9b19eb49bbc75e50da4dcbb7d3d698a62dae0ffd39a08dbc2369c6878f21",
-      "milesight/ws52x.yaml": "120fcc7b3cc589beac67b2f4d459fe236ef0e74d569915f391301f395f18acdf",
+      "milesight/vs330.yaml": "d43b317e3054355e07529f714a1f8aa5478bb07523036c32fb4b5d10d6a8b2d1",
+      "milesight/vs340.yaml": "ca0d6090923ef6af6eb2c50d90900594e1239cdce3b2eeed4c7335e4aba9ca3a",
+      "milesight/vs341.yaml": "90f41d2b447eb4b27b3967bdcd2c5d311405fa63c759ff7ce2718281441f952f",
+      "milesight/ws101.yaml": "ee8428a9ddd630460d327e3f6f86b94f3cc48cadf67ffe4ed50a498272c74ad5",
+      "milesight/ws136.yaml": "49d2fc1855f07f9435f30756cd8948b1ecdf312b8a9cc719387e35ebdfc783cb",
+      "milesight/ws156.yaml": "adfa30a6579f92f9de18fe6f1c78e7955c0d66bc4e41fc789b0fef5cfadd0174",
+      "milesight/ws201.yaml": "677f0cb20c4ac9f7789900d44479efffc8709ac2abffc48e9d6ffa8d7bfd66e6",
+      "milesight/ws202.yaml": "71c717e8fb9c65acaca699f423a152c89fadd0638ec9327d5544976379601f6a",
+      "milesight/ws203.yaml": "a11de35ded619902ec92a7a8647c43bb46c1b31572b3e977ed4b44f03f12a5c3",
+      "milesight/ws301.yaml": "b6261bc429414fe75aaa555033f88518dcce4416a8df9d02428c4f614fa94ca9",
+      "milesight/ws302.yaml": "83ff15d834a2739a09283de9bf7d727bec7f951269cf596ece7e05231bf25060",
+      "milesight/ws303.yaml": "6d7b58a80f1fd5f362b76bfe7b72acfbc89c7cfd1e99d7de7ac96cef81cf9f80",
       "milesight/ws558.yaml": "cb5e22e4ca62db8d947fc400a70ba75408da54651be8d92aed5eb9cedc18da08",
-      "milesight/wt101.yaml": "29466768bf77ed6fa462956b56541abdff12fba8a9157847e7b79e99d034f847",
-      "milesight/wt201v1.yaml": "414c80b6663c4b7198109d48db6680897ee3e1a0259363d3f211bd6fd2675a6b",
-      "milesight/wt201v2.yaml": "dde8e5e83d30cd6a4c508efc4610b2894072b30060dc5d70f3aead953e36f5bb",
-      "milesight/wts305.yaml": "64eb4e08cc4715cc1e55e91e17aa37abce058203df695ea6ab65c9cef7e3afe7",
-      "milesight/wts505.yaml": "7d7227fef0d06696dd1907325f6de0c56e87ce9c57a0b3c22b3689b0afa550c9",
-      "milesight/wts506.yaml": "8c08bb4f2560f7220d53a3ddad859786ec700e26fdbf98ddf65e3ee809db7459",
+      "milesight/wts305.yaml": "a5249904ab14c869208ea91977331eb881a499c5c403e079968eb738741fae37",
+      "milesight/wts505.yaml": "8807fa160c2ee60763e7d2ac2f9032fd71436813fcc2bbd7434e702b1c6209f2",
+      "milesight/wts506.yaml": "aa31c95f43c5452ec9e70cd4dc20c0529f94eb8efd18872b9d8b1925cfc65f15",
       "radio-bridge/rbs30x.yaml": "166b7a9ee889b439b0cbdf9ef81673bcd04bd4095cefcd6f638de9b4a89194fb",
-      "radionode/rn320bth.yaml": "a4d66a334943177e2bbe5b649b71df9fc2215fdc08cededc24c4014d4d11edae",
-      "rakwireless/qingping.yaml": "58e690384a9b97914b54fddcbaaa25b03ab12b289d73ee3e190f901977057a13"
+      "radionode/rn320bth.yaml": "a4d66a334943177e2bbe5b649b71df9fc2215fdc08cededc24c4014d4d11edae"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/python/lorawan/tests/test_decode.py b/python/lorawan/tests/test_decode.py
index 1635290..7a01e8a 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/tests/test_decode.py
+++ b/python/lorawan/tests/test_decode.py
@@ -108,24 +108,24 @@ def test_value_map_decodes_a_wire_value_to_its_label():
     assert decode_uplink(td, "01")["state"] == "leak"
 
 
-def test_value_map_that_does_not_start_at_zero_is_a_known_gap():
-    """A table whose wire values skip 0 silently loses its highest entries.
-
-    The MultiTech interpreter applies ``lookup`` positionally -- ``if 0 <= value
-    < len(lookup)`` -- so it reads a table as a list indexed by the wire value
-    rather than as a mapping. A table keyed 1..3 therefore has length 3, and wire
-    value 3 falls outside the guard and comes back as the bare integer instead of
-    its label. The binding can express such a table (three RadioBridge rbs30x
-    events in the generated catalog do), so this is pinned rather than asserted
-    away: if a submodule bump ever fixes the interpreter, this test fails and
-    tells us the gap has closed.
+def test_value_map_that_does_not_start_at_zero_resolves_every_entry():
+    """A table whose wire values skip 0 now labels all of them.
+
+    This was pinned as a known gap. The interpreter applied ``lookup``
+    positionally -- ``if 0 <= value < len(lookup)`` -- reading the table as a list
+    indexed by the wire value, so a table keyed 1..3 had length 3 and wire value 3
+    fell outside the guard and came back as the bare integer. Three RadioBridge
+    rbs30x events in the catalog are keyed that way.
+
+    Bumping the schema submodule closed it: the table is looked up as a mapping.
+    The test is kept, pointed the other way, so the fix cannot regress unnoticed.
     """
     td = _value_map_td([(1, "single"), (2, "double"), (3, "triple")])
 
     assert decode_uplink(td, "01")["state"] == "single"
-    assert decode_uplink(td, "03")["state"] == 3  # not "triple"
+    assert decode_uplink(td, "03")["state"] == "triple"
 
-    # And the gap is detectable rather than silent: the leaked wire value fails
-    # the data schema, which is exactly the check the oneOf/const spelling lacked.
+    # The labels are what the data schema allows, so a decoded value validates.
+    jsonschema.validate(instance="triple", schema=td[vocab.EVENTS]["state"][vocab.DATA])
     with pytest.raises(jsonschema.ValidationError):
         jsonschema.validate(instance=3, schema=td[vocab.EVENTS]["state"][vocab.DATA])
diff --git a/python/lorawan/tests/test_device_catalog.py b/python/lorawan/tests/test_device_catalog.py
index d4a3989..3c0d909 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/tests/test_device_catalog.py
+++ b/python/lorawan/tests/test_device_catalog.py
@@ -69,6 +69,12 @@ def _project_field(body: dict) -> tuple:
     for key in ("mult", "div", "add", "length", "unit", "unece"):
         if key in body:
             parts[key] = body[key]
+    # ``remaining`` and a negative count are the same instruction -- read to the
+    # end of the payload -- and the conversion keeps the numeric spelling the
+    # vocabulary can carry. Compared as one value so the round trip is not judged
+    # on which of the two the source happened to use.
+    if isinstance(parts.get("length"), str) and parts["length"].strip().lower() == "remaining":
+        parts["length"] = -1
     if "valid_range" in body:
         parts["valid_range"] = _freeze(body["valid_range"])
     for key in ("ref", "polynomial", "transform", "compute", "guard"):
@@ -208,7 +214,7 @@ def _device_tds() -> list:
 #:
 #: Change this number only in the same commit as the change that moves it, so the diff
 #: shows the coverage cost and a reviewer can weigh it.
-EXPECTED_CATALOG_SIZE = 157
+EXPECTED_CATALOG_SIZE = 167
 
 
 def test_catalog_is_not_empty():
@@ -319,9 +325,13 @@ def _field_width(field: dict) -> int:
     if field.get("type") == "skip":
         return int(field.get("length", 0))
     if field.get("type") in ("bytes", "string", "ascii", "hex", "base64"):
-        # Variable-length types declare a byte length; -1 means "consume rest",
-        # which the reference interpreter treats as zero remaining bytes here.
-        return max(0, int(field.get("length", 0)))
+        # Variable-length types declare a byte length; -1 and the keyword
+        # ``remaining`` both mean "consume the rest", which contributes nothing to
+        # a synthesized payload's length because there is nothing after it.
+        length = field.get("length", 0)
+        if isinstance(length, str) and length.strip().lower() == "remaining":
+            return 0
+        return max(0, int(length))
     return _value_width(field["type"])
 
 
diff --git a/python/lorawan/tests/test_schema_to_td.py b/python/lorawan/tests/test_schema_to_td.py
index 3e8e4f5..2b7a7b0 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/tests/test_schema_to_td.py
+++ b/python/lorawan/tests/test_schema_to_td.py
@@ -154,6 +154,217 @@ def test_lookup_enum_round_trips_to_strings():
     assert td_to_payload_schema(td)["fields"][0]["lookup"] == {0: "N", 1: "S"}
 
 
+def test_lookup_table_with_a_default_label_is_skipped_not_crashed():
+    """A non-integer table key must skip its device, not abort the whole run.
+
+    A table may carry a ``default`` label covering every value it does not list
+    (PS-269). ``lorav:valueMap`` pairs one wire value with one decoded value and
+    cannot say "anything else", so the field is outside the subset.
+
+    The reason it is a test rather than a note: the key was converted with a bare
+    ``int()``, so the first schema in the library to use ``default`` raised an
+    uncaught ValueError out of the batch script and no catalog was generated at
+    all. A skip loses one device; a crash loses all of them.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [{"name": "state", "type": "u8", "lookup": {0: "off", 1: "on", "default": "?"}}],
+    }
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedSchemaError) as excinfo:
+        payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    assert excinfo.value.reason is SkipReason.ENUM_TABLE
+
+
+def test_length_remaining_round_trips_through_the_byte_length_sentinel():
+    """``length: remaining`` converts, rather than taking its device out.
+
+    The form vocabulary carries a byte count, and ``remaining`` is not one, so
+    this used to raise an uncaught ValueError. It is expressible though: the
+    reference interpreter resolves the keyword and any negative length the same
+    way, and the form schema already documents -1 as that sentinel. Mapping it
+    keeps the device; skipping it would not.
+
+    The keyword normalises to the sentinel on the way back, rather than being
+    remembered verbatim. Both spellings decode identically, the numeric one is
+    what the schema library already writes, and it is the form the vocabulary can
+    carry -- so there is one spelling downstream instead of two.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [{"name": "payload", "type": "hex", "length": "remaining"}],
+    }
+    td = payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    form = td[vocab.EVENTS]["payload"][vocab.FORMS][0]
+    assert form[vocab.BYTE_LENGTH] == vocab.BYTE_LENGTH_REMAINING
+    assert td_to_payload_schema(td)["fields"][0]["length"] == vocab.BYTE_LENGTH_REMAINING
+
+
+def test_length_naming_a_variable_is_skipped():
+    """A ``$variable`` length has no implementation to round trip to."""
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [{"name": "payload", "type": "hex", "length": "$len"}],
+    }
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedSchemaError) as excinfo:
+        payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    assert excinfo.value.reason is SkipReason.LENGTH_NOT_FIXED
+
+
+def test_a_wire_field_carrying_a_transform_keeps_its_wire_type_and_width():
+    """``transform`` post-processes a value read from the wire; it is not derived.
+
+    Modelled on decentlab's ``air_temperature``: a ``u16`` whose raw count is
+    scaled after reading. Treating the transform as proof of derivation replaced
+    the wire type with the derived marker, so the field became zero bytes wide,
+    ``humidity`` after it read from offset 0 instead of 2, and the temperature
+    dropped out of the decode entirely.
+
+    Asserted through the byte offsets rather than on the transform alone, because
+    the damage showed up in the *other* fields -- a test that only checked the
+    transform survived would have passed throughout.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [
+            {
+                "name": "air_temperature",
+                "type": "u16",
+                "transform": [{"div": 100}, {"add": -327.68}],
+            },
+            {"name": "humidity", "type": "u16"},
+        ],
+    }
+    td = payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+
+    temp_form = td[vocab.EVENTS]["air_temperature"][vocab.FORMS][0]
+    assert temp_form[vocab.WIRE_TYPE] == "u16"
+    assert temp_form[vocab.DERIVED] == {"transform": [{"div": 100}, {"add": -327.68}]}
+    assert temp_form[vocab.BYTE_OFFSET] == 0
+    # The field still occupies its two bytes, so the next one starts after them.
+    assert td[vocab.EVENTS]["humidity"][vocab.FORMS][0][vocab.BYTE_OFFSET] == 2
+
+    # And the stages survive the trip back, or the value would decode unscaled.
+    rebuilt = td_to_payload_schema(td)["fields"]
+    assert rebuilt[0]["type"] == "u16"
+    assert rebuilt[0]["transform"] == [{"div": 100}, {"add": -327.68}]
+
+
+def test_a_value_computed_from_others_is_still_derived():
+    """A field with no wire type to read stays on the derived path."""
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [
+            {"name": "raw", "type": "u16"},
+            {"name": "ratio", "ref": "$raw", "polynomial": [0, 0.5]},
+        ],
+    }
+    td = payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    form = td[vocab.EVENTS]["ratio"][vocab.FORMS][0]
+    assert form[vocab.WIRE_TYPE] == vocab.COMPUTED_TYPE
+    assert form[vocab.DERIVED]["ref"] == "$raw"
+
+
+def test_a_sensor_annotation_does_not_take_a_device_out_of_the_catalog():
+    """``sensor`` names which sensor a channel belongs to; it does not decode.
+
+    An unrecognised field key is rejected, on the principle that silently
+    ignoring one risks dropping something that changes the reading. This one
+    cannot: like ``semantic`` and ``ipso`` beside it, it labels the channel's
+    origin and the reference interpreter never consults it. Rejecting it cost 42
+    devices in the next schema library.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [{"name": "battery", "type": "u8", "unit": "%", "sensor": "internal"}],
+    }
+    td = payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    event = td[vocab.EVENTS]["battery"]
+    assert event[vocab.DATA]["unit"] == "%"
+    # Dropped rather than carried: nothing downstream has a use for it.
+    assert "sensor" not in str(event[vocab.FORMS][0])
+
+
+def test_a_downlink_command_byte_becomes_a_const_on_the_data_schema():
+    """``value`` fixes a byte when *encoding*; it does not compute anything.
+
+    It had been read as a derived-value descriptor, which took the field's device
+    out of the catalog -- 45 of them, since nearly every downlink command in the
+    schema library identifies itself with a fixed category and command byte.
+
+    The reference interpreter does not use ``value`` when decoding: it reads the
+    byte and reports what the payload actually contained. So the field is an
+    ordinary scalar that happens to be constrained, and TD core's ``const``
+    already says that. A binding term would have been the wrong place -- the
+    constraint is a fact about the value, not about how it is transferred.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [
+            {"name": "category", "type": "u8", "value": 3},
+            {"name": "interval", "type": "u16", "unit": "s"},
+        ],
+    }
+    td = payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+
+    category = td[vocab.EVENTS]["category"]
+    assert category[vocab.DATA]["const"] == 3
+    # Still a real byte on the wire, so the field after it is not shifted.
+    assert category[vocab.FORMS][0][vocab.WIRE_TYPE] == "u8"
+    assert td[vocab.EVENTS]["interval"][vocab.FORMS][0][vocab.BYTE_OFFSET] == 1
+
+    assert td_to_payload_schema(td)["fields"][0]["value"] == 3
+
+
+def test_a_derived_value_reading_something_the_td_lacks_is_skipped():
+    """A wrong Thing Description is worse than a missing one.
+
+    A derived value names its inputs with ``$name``. Rebuilding a payload schema
+    from the events alone means an input with no event of its own comes back as
+    nothing, and the reference interpreter then evaluates the field against zero.
+    qingping decoded a temperature of -50 where its schema says 359.5.
+
+    Unlike a skip, that failure is invisible: the device is in the catalog and
+    the number is simply wrong. So it is caught after the events are assembled
+    and the device is skipped instead.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [
+            {
+                "byte_group": {
+                    "size": 1,
+                    "fields": [
+                        {"name": "_flag", "type": "u8[0:3]"},
+                        {"name": "_count", "type": "u8[4:7]"},
+                    ],
+                }
+            },
+            {"name": "reading", "ref": "$_count", "polynomial": [-50, 0.1]},
+        ],
+    }
+    with pytest.raises(UnsupportedSchemaError) as excinfo:
+        payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    assert excinfo.value.reason is SkipReason.INTERNAL_REF
+
+
+def test_an_internal_input_that_does_survive_the_round_trip_is_kept():
+    """The guard is on what the Thing Description carries, not on the name.
+
+    Most `_`-prefixed inputs get an event of their own and resolve correctly.
+    Rejecting on the leading underscore alone cost 22 devices to prevent the one
+    wrong Thing Description above.
+    """
+    schema = {
+        "endian": "big",
+        "fields": [
+            {"name": "_raw", "type": "u16"},
+            {"name": "reading", "ref": "$_raw", "polynomial": [-50, 0.1]},
+        ],
+    }
+    td = payload_schema_to_td(schema, source="demo.yaml")
+    assert td[vocab.EVENTS]["reading"][vocab.FORMS][0][vocab.DERIVED]["ref"] == "$_raw"
+
+
 def test_multi_field_tlv_case_becomes_slotted_events():
     """Several fields under one tag become slot-ordered events sharing the tag."""
     schema = {
diff --git a/python/lorawan/vocab/lorawan-form.schema.json b/python/lorawan/vocab/lorawan-form.schema.json
index f84239c..c7212f1 100644
--- a/python/lorawan/vocab/lorawan-form.schema.json
+++ b/python/lorawan/vocab/lorawan-form.schema.json
@@ -170,11 +170,23 @@
     "description": "Scaling is stated once, as either a multiplier or a divisor; giving both would leave the order of the two operations undefined.",
     "required": ["lorav:multiplier", "lorav:divisor"]
   },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "lorav:derived": {
-      "description": "A derived value carries no payload bytes, so its wire type must be 'number'.",
-      "properties": { "lorav:wireType": { "const": "number" } }
-    }
+  "if": {
+    "properties": {
+      "lorav:derived": {
+        "type": "object",
+        "anyOf": [
+          { "required": ["ref"] },
+          { "required": ["polynomial"] },
+          { "required": ["compute"] },
+          { "required": ["guard"] }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    "required": ["lorav:derived"]
+  },
+  "then": {
+    "description": "A value computed from other values reads no payload bytes, so its wire type is 'number'. A 'transform' alone does not qualify: it post-processes a value that was read from the wire, and that field keeps its real wire type.",
+    "properties": { "lorav:wireType": { "const": "number" } }
   },
   "additionalProperties": true
 }