diff --git a/designer_v2/lib/features/design/shared/questionnaire/question/question_form_data.dart b/designer_v2/lib/features/design/shared/questionnaire/question/question_form_data.dart
index 065a8b5c2..bf4001d9c 100644
--- a/designer_v2/lib/features/design/shared/questionnaire/question/question_form_data.dart
+++ b/designer_v2/lib/features/design/shared/questionnaire/question/question_form_data.dart
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ abstract class QuestionFormData implements IFormData {
   final QuestionConditional? conditional;
 
   /// Mapping from response option => qualifying/disqualifying
-  late final Map<dynamic, bool> responseOptionsValidity;
+  Map<dynamic, bool> responseOptionsValidity = {};
 
   List<dynamic> get responseOptions; // subclass responsibility
 
diff --git a/designer_v2/lib/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions.dart b/designer_v2/lib/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions.dart
index 60824fd4c..ad2ec9189 100644
--- a/designer_v2/lib/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions.dart
+++ b/designer_v2/lib/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions.dart
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ extension FormViewModelCollectionActions<
                 final duplicateFormViewModel =
                     formViewModel.createDuplicate() as T;
                 add(duplicateFormViewModel);
-                formViewModel.save();
+                duplicateFormViewModel.save();
               },
         isAvailable: !isReadOnly,
       ),
diff --git a/designer_v2/lib/localization/app_translation.dart b/designer_v2/lib/localization/app_translation.dart
index 83f3b6f72..c9a51a8c3 100644
--- a/designer_v2/lib/localization/app_translation.dart
+++ b/designer_v2/lib/localization/app_translation.dart
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import 'package:flutter/foundation.dart';
 import 'package:flutter_riverpod/flutter_riverpod.dart';
 import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/localization/app_localizations.dart';
 import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/localization/locale_providers.dart';
@@ -11,6 +12,11 @@ class AppTranslation {
     // Loads the currently selected locale and sets the localization
     _tr = lookupAppLocalizations(ref.watch(localeProvider));
   }
+
+  @visibleForTesting
+  static void setForTesting(AppLocalizations localizations) {
+    _tr = localizations;
+  }
 }
 
 typedef LocalizedStringResolver = String Function();
diff --git a/designer_v2/test/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions_test.dart b/designer_v2/test/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fae1fa15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/designer_v2/test/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+import 'package:reactive_forms/reactive_forms.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/features/design/shared/questionnaire/question/question_form_data.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/features/design/shared/questionnaire/question/types/question_type.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/features/forms/form_data.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/features/forms/form_view_model.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/features/forms/form_view_model_collection.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/features/forms/form_view_model_collection_actions.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/localization/app_localizations_en.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/localization/app_translation.dart';
+import 'package:studyu_designer_v2/utils/model_action.dart';
+import 'package:test/test.dart';
+
+class _TestFormData implements IFormData {
+  _TestFormData({required this.id, required this.value});
+
+  @override
+  final String id;
+  final String value;
+
+  @override
+  _TestFormData copy() => _TestFormData(id: '${id}_copy', value: value);
+}
+
+class _TestFormViewModel extends ManagedFormViewModel<_TestFormData> {
+  _TestFormViewModel({super.formData, this.duplicate});
+
+  final _TestFormViewModel? duplicate;
+  final FormControl<String> valueControl = FormControl<String>(value: '');
+  int saveCount = 0;
+
+  @override
+  late final FormGroup form = FormGroup({'value': valueControl});
+
+  @override
+  Map<FormMode, String> get titles => {};
+
+  @override
+  void setControlsFrom(_TestFormData data) {
+    valueControl.value = data.value;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  _TestFormData buildFormData() {
+    return _TestFormData(id: formData?.id ?? 'new', value: valueControl.value!);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  _TestFormViewModel createDuplicate() {
+    return duplicate ?? _TestFormViewModel(formData: formData?.copy());
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Future save() {
+    saveCount += 1;
+    return super.save();
+  }
+}
+
+void main() {
+  setUpAll(() {
+    AppTranslation.setForTesting(AppLocalizationsEn());
+  });
+
+  test('duplicate action saves the duplicated view model', () async {
+    final formArray = FormArray([]);
+    final duplicate = _TestFormViewModel(
+      formData: _TestFormData(id: 'duplicate', value: 'Question copy'),
+    );
+    final original = _TestFormViewModel(
+      formData: _TestFormData(id: 'original', value: 'Question'),
+      duplicate: duplicate,
+    );
+    final collection =
+        FormViewModelCollection<_TestFormViewModel, _TestFormData>([
+          original,
+        ], formArray);
+    formArray.add(original.form);
+
+    final duplicateAction = collection
+        .availableActions(original)
+        .singleWhere((action) => action.type == ModelActionType.duplicate);
+
+    duplicateAction.onExecute();
+    await Future<void>.delayed(Duration.zero);
+
+    expect(collection.formViewModels, [original, duplicate]);
+    expect(original.saveCount, 0);
+    expect(duplicate.saveCount, 1);
+  });
+
+  test(
+    'question data can be copied before response validity is initialized',
+    () {
+      final data = BoolQuestionFormData(
+        questionId: 'question-1',
+        questionText: 'Temporary duplicate test',
+        questionType: SurveyQuestionType.bool,
+      );
+
+      final duplicate = data.copy();
+
+      expect(duplicate.questionId, isNot(data.questionId));
+      expect(duplicate.questionText, 'Temporary duplicate test (Copy)');
+      expect(duplicate.responseOptionsValidity, isEmpty);
+    },
+  );
+}