diff --git a/docs/prs/pr-011-resolve-with-args.md b/docs/prs/pr-011-resolve-with-args.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3ba35bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/prs/pr-011-resolve-with-args.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# PR 11: Extract reflection-based resolve! argument passing
+
+## Summary
+
+Four `resolve!` implementations in the action layer all used identical reflection logic to build a keyword-argument hash from a receiver's method signature before calling `resolve!`. A signature change in any card or ability's `resolve!` would silently pass wrong arguments at all four sites. This PR extracts the logic into a single `ResolvesWithArgs` module.
+
+## Why
+
+The docs note in improvement #4:
+
+> Using `.method().parameters` to decide what arguments to pass is fragile — a signature change silently breaks the call — and the duplication means fixes need applying twice.
+
+With the helper centralised, any fix or additional argument (e.g. a future `mode:` or `zone:` keyword) is added in one place.
+
+## What Changed
+
+**`lib/magic/resolves_with_args.rb`** (new file)
+- Defines `Magic::ResolvesWithArgs` with a single private method `resolve_with_args(receiver, **available)`
+- Introspects `receiver.method(:resolve!).parameters` and filters `available` to only the keys the method declares (both `:keyreq` and `:key` parameter kinds)
+- Calls the method with the filtered args
+
+**`lib/magic/action.rb`**
+- `include ResolvesWithArgs` — covers `Cast`, `ActivateAbility`, `ActivateLoyaltyAbility`
+
+**`lib/magic/actions/cast/mode.rb`**
+- `include Magic::ResolvesWithArgs` — `Mode` does not inherit from `Action` so it includes the module directly
+
+**`lib/magic/actions/cast.rb`**
+- `resolve!` replaced 6-line reflection block with `resolve_with_args(card, target:, targets:, kicked:, value_for_x:)`
+
+**`lib/magic/actions/activate_ability.rb`**
+- `resolve!` replaced 4-line reflection block with `resolve_with_args(ability, target:, targets:)`
+
+**`lib/magic/actions/activate_loyalty_ability.rb`**
+- `resolve!` replaced 5-line reflection block with a 2-line form; `value_for_x` is added to the pool only when non-nil (preserving the original guard)
+
+**`lib/magic/actions/cast/mode.rb`**
+- `resolve!` replaced 4-line reflection block with `resolve_with_args(mode, target:, targets:)`
+
+## Invariants Preserved
+
+- The filtering logic is identical to the original: a keyword arg is passed only if the receiver's `resolve!` declares it (required or optional)
+- The `value_for_x` nil guard in `ActivateLoyaltyAbility` is preserved — X is excluded from the pool when it was not set, so no ability receives `value_for_x: nil` unexpectedly
+- All 534 tests pass
diff --git a/lib/magic/action.rb b/lib/magic/action.rb
index 36b6475e..a636ca97 100644
--- a/lib/magic/action.rb
+++ b/lib/magic/action.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 module Magic
   class Action
+    include ResolvesWithArgs
+
     attr_reader :game, :player
 
     def initialize(game:, player:)
diff --git a/lib/magic/actions/activate_ability.rb b/lib/magic/actions/activate_ability.rb
index e3273ee5..a2ee9569 100644
--- a/lib/magic/actions/activate_ability.rb
+++ b/lib/magic/actions/activate_ability.rb
@@ -112,11 +112,7 @@ def finalize_costs!(player)
       end
 
       def resolve!
-        resolver = ability.method(:resolve!)
-        args = {}
-        args[:target] = targets.first if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :target])
-        args[:targets] = targets if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :targets])
-        ability.resolve!(**args)
+        resolve_with_args(ability, target: targets.first, targets: targets)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/magic/actions/activate_loyalty_ability.rb b/lib/magic/actions/activate_loyalty_ability.rb
index 3d930108..d8758303 100644
--- a/lib/magic/actions/activate_loyalty_ability.rb
+++ b/lib/magic/actions/activate_loyalty_ability.rb
@@ -44,12 +44,9 @@ def perform
       end
 
       def resolve!
-        resolver = ability.method(:resolve!)
-        args = {}
-        args[:target] = targets.first if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :target])
-        args[:targets] = targets if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :targets])
-        args[:value_for_x] = x_value if x_value && resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :value_for_x])
-        ability.resolve!(**args)
+        pool = { target: targets.first, targets: targets }
+        pool[:value_for_x] = x_value if x_value
+        resolve_with_args(ability, **pool)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/magic/actions/cast.rb b/lib/magic/actions/cast.rb
index 48ced7d0..816b8dbc 100644
--- a/lib/magic/actions/cast.rb
+++ b/lib/magic/actions/cast.rb
@@ -142,18 +142,14 @@ def choose_mode(mode_class, &)
 
       def resolve!
         if modes.any?
-          modes.each do |mode|
-            mode.resolve!
-          end
+          modes.each { |mode| mode.resolve! }
         else
-          resolver = card.method(:resolve!)
-          args = {}
-          args[:target] = targets.first if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :target])
-          args[:targets] = targets if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :targets])
-          args[:kicked] = kicker_cost.paid? if resolver.parameters.include?([:key, :kicked])
-          args[:value_for_x] = mana_cost.x if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :value_for_x])
-
-          card.resolve!(**args)
+          resolve_with_args(card,
+            target: targets.first,
+            targets: targets,
+            kicked: kicker_cost.paid?,
+            value_for_x: mana_cost.x,
+          )
         end
 
         if card.sorcery? || card.instant?
diff --git a/lib/magic/actions/cast/mode.rb b/lib/magic/actions/cast/mode.rb
index 219eac1a..17218209 100644
--- a/lib/magic/actions/cast/mode.rb
+++ b/lib/magic/actions/cast/mode.rb
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ module Magic
   module Actions
     class Cast < Action
       class Mode
+        include Magic::ResolvesWithArgs
+
         attr_reader :mode, :targets
 
         def initialize(mode)
@@ -35,12 +37,7 @@ def targeting(*targets)
         end
 
         def resolve!
-          resolver = mode.method(:resolve!)
-          args = {}
-          args[:target] = targets.first if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :target])
-          args[:targets] = targets if resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, :targets])
-
-          mode.resolve!(**args)
+          resolve_with_args(mode, target: targets.first, targets: targets)
         end
 
       end
diff --git a/lib/magic/resolves_with_args.rb b/lib/magic/resolves_with_args.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fb4a5d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/magic/resolves_with_args.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Magic
+  module ResolvesWithArgs
+    private
+
+    # Call receiver.resolve! passing only the keyword arguments its signature accepts.
+    # Callers supply the full pool of available values; this method filters to what
+    # the method actually declares (both required and optional keywords).
+    def resolve_with_args(receiver, **available)
+      resolver = receiver.method(:resolve!)
+      args = available.select do |key, _|
+        resolver.parameters.include?([:keyreq, key]) ||
+          resolver.parameters.include?([:key, key])
+      end
+      resolver.call(**args)
+    end
+  end
+end