feat: add post on realms vs kernels

posts/2025-05-12_kernel_realm/README.md

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+---
+publication_date: 2025-05-12T13:17:22Z
+slug: kernel and realm
+tags: [kernel, process, realm]
+authors: [mvertes]
+---
+
+# Gno realms vs system kernels
+
+Let's explore the analogy between Gno and existing operating systems.
+
+In computers, the role of the operating system is to isolate each process from
+the others, for memory integrity and security, and to control access to system
+resources, including time sharing access to the CPU. It also lets processes
+communicate with others, or externally through the network.
+
+The operating system provides those capabilities through the kernel, which
+executes system calls.  When invoked by a user process,  the kernel switches
+the CPU into a privileged mode, to perform the services outside user reach.
+Each resource located outside of the process means the private user memory must
+be manipulated through system calls. This is done under the strict supervision
+of the kernel, which acts as a neutral trusted facilitator between untrusted
+processes. On bare metal systems, this is enforced by the hardware itself.
+
+Gno is a distributed multi-user virtual computer implemented on top of the
+blockchain, ensuring all operations execute deterministically. The distributed
+storage layer of the blockchain provides Merkle trees and consensus-based
+verification that makes program code and memory tamper-proof. 
+
+In Gno, the equivalent of computer processes are *realms*. Each realm is like
+an always-active process, running forever, similar to a web server. In a
+regular system, a live process is defined by its Process Identifier (PID, a
+number set by the system for the life of the process), its memory, and the set
+of system resources it uses at a given time (files, connections, etc).
+Similarly in Gno, a realm is defined by its identity (a unique crypto address),
+its global memory state (the content of memory when the realm is at rest),
+which may contain for example the amount of coins it retains.
+
+A realm may provide services to other realms through the exported public
+functions it declares, and it may use services provided by other realms by
+importing the realm using an `import`  statement, and directly calling its
+functions in code. The way of declaring exported functions and importing them
+is exactly identical to how packages are defined in the Go language. A realm is
+a Gno process, but is also a package (in the Go sense).
+
+Functions in packages can be pure (in the functional programming sense: the
+function has no side effects and operates only on temporary local variables
+which are discarded at return), or not: some variable outside of the function
+scope is modified. In that case, the modified variable must be defined in the
+same package as the function. Functions can only write to global variables
+declared within their own package space (assuming variables are unexported),
+and static code analysis, as in Go, enforces this rule.
+
+But because realms are also stateful processes with their own identity and
+protected space, and because a process can write only in its own space, calling
+a non-pure function imported from another realm means that the caller realm
+would attempt to write in the callee realm space, which is forbidden!
+
+To resolve this, the current realm identity is switched from the caller to the
+callee until the function returns, like when crossing the user-kernel boundary
+in a regular system call. From the system's point of view, the current realm is
+set to the callee, the previous realm to the caller. At function return, the
+current realm and previous realm are restored to their original value.
+
+So non-pure exported functions act exactly like a system call: they provide the
+ability to write outside the calling realm space, by crossing the realm
+boundary. A realm doesn't need to trust the calling realm: only itself can
+write in its own space. A realm doesn't need to trust an external kernel: it is
+its own kernel, it decides exactly how its data can be accessed and/or modified
+by caller realms.
+
+Gno unifies the concepts of Go packages and Unix processes in a single simple
+concept: the realm. The kernel is decentralized and put back in control of
+package developers. The operating system itself becomes transparent: realm
+processes are both resource users and providers, with full control and
+accountability.
+
+In Gno, programs are processes are packages are realms. Gno rethinks the
+traditional boundaries between processes, packages, and system calls. By making
+each realm self-contained and in control of its own state, it replaces the need
+for a central kernel with a decentralized model where programs define their own
+access rules. It’s a practical and minimal approach to building secure,
+composable software on-chain.