feat: Add {Expr,Series}.str.to_time

docs/api-reference/expr_str.md

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
         - to_date
         - to_datetime
         - to_lowercase
+        - to_time
         - to_titlecase
         - to_uppercase
         - zfill

docs/api-reference/series_str.md

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
         - to_date
         - to_datetime
         - to_lowercase
+        - to_time
         - to_titlecase
         - to_uppercase
         - zfill

narwhals/_arrow/series_str.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     extract_native,
     lit,
     parse_datetime_format,
+    parse_time_format,
 )
 from narwhals._compliant.any_namespace import StringNamespace
 
@@ -80,6 +81,13 @@ def to_datetime(self, format: str | None) -> ArrowSeries:
     def to_date(self, format: str | None) -> ArrowSeries:
         return self.to_datetime(format=format).dt.date()
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> ArrowSeries:
+        format = parse_time_format(self.native) if format is None else format
+        timestamp_array = pc.strptime(self.native, format=format, unit="us")
+
+        nw_time_dtype = self.version.dtypes.Time()
+        return self.with_native(timestamp_array).cast(nw_time_dtype)
+
     def to_uppercase(self) -> ArrowSeries:
         return self.with_native(pc.utf8_upper(self.native))
 

narwhals/_arrow/utils.py

@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ def parse_datetime_format(arr: ChunkedArrayAny) -> str:
         raise ValueError(msg)
 
     date_value = _parse_date_format(cast("pc.StringArray", matches.field("date")))
-    time_value = _parse_time_format(cast("pc.StringArray", matches.field("time")))
+    time_value = parse_time_format(cast("pc.StringArray", matches.field("time")))
 
     sep_value = separators[0].as_py()
     tz_value = "%z" if tz[0].as_py() else ""
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ def _parse_date_format(arr: pc.StringArray) -> str:
     raise ValueError(msg)
 
 
-def _parse_time_format(arr: pc.StringArray) -> str:
+def parse_time_format(arr: pc.StringArray) -> str:
     for time_rgx, time_fmt in TIME_FORMATS:
         matches = pc.extract_regex(arr, pattern=time_rgx)
         if pc.all(matches.is_valid()).as_py():

narwhals/_compliant/any_namespace.py

@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ def contains(self, pattern: T, *, literal: bool) -> T: ...
     def slice(self, offset: int, length: int | None) -> T: ...
     def split(self, by: str) -> T: ...
     def to_datetime(self, format: str | None) -> T: ...
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> T: ...
     def to_date(self, format: str | None) -> T: ...
     def to_lowercase(self) -> T: ...
     def to_titlecase(self) -> T: ...

narwhals/_compliant/expr.py

@@ -1154,6 +1154,9 @@ def to_datetime(self, format: str | None) -> EagerExprT:
     def to_date(self, format: str | None) -> EagerExprT:
         return self.compliant._reuse_series_namespace("str", "to_date", format=format)
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> EagerExprT:
+        return self.compliant._reuse_series_namespace("str", "to_time", format=format)
+
     def to_lowercase(self) -> EagerExprT:
         return self.compliant._reuse_series_namespace("str", "to_lowercase")
 

narwhals/_dask/expr_str.py

@@ -73,6 +73,10 @@ def to_datetime(self, format: str | None) -> DaskExpr:
             lambda expr: dd.to_datetime(expr, format=format)
         )
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> DaskExpr:
+        msg = "dask backend does not support the Time type"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
     def to_uppercase(self) -> DaskExpr:
         return self.compliant._with_callable(lambda expr: expr.str.upper())
 

narwhals/_duckdb/expr_str.py

@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@ def to_date(self, format: str | None) -> DuckDBExpr:
         compliant_expr = self.compliant
         return compliant_expr.cast(compliant_expr._version.dtypes.Date())
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> DuckDBExpr:
+        time_dtype = self.compliant._version.dtypes.Time()
+        if format is None:
+            return self.compliant.cast(time_dtype)
+
+        return self.compliant._with_elementwise(
+            lambda expr: F("strptime", expr, lit(format))
+        ).cast(time_dtype)
+
     @requires.backend_version((1, 2))
     def to_titlecase(self) -> DuckDBExpr:
         from narwhals._duckdb.utils import lambda_expr

narwhals/_ibis/expr_str.py

@@ -77,6 +77,14 @@ def fn(expr: ir.StringColumn) -> ir.DateValue:
 
         return self.compliant._with_callable(fn)
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> IbisExpr:
+        time_dtype = self.compliant._version.dtypes.Time()
+        if format is None:
+            return self.compliant.cast(time_dtype)
+        return self.compliant._with_callable(self._to_datetime_naive(format)).cast(
+            time_dtype
+        )
+
     def pad_start(self, length: int, fill_char: str) -> IbisExpr:
         def _pad_start(expr: ir.StringColumn) -> ir.Value:
             padded = expr.lpad(length, fill_char)

narwhals/_pandas_like/series_str.py

@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ def _to_datetime(self, format: str | None, *, utc: bool) -> Any:
     def to_date(self, format: str | None) -> PandasLikeSeries:
         return self.to_datetime(format=format).dt.date()
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> PandasLikeSeries:
+        time_dtype = self.version.dtypes.Time()
+        return self.with_native(self._to_datetime(format, utc=False)).cast(time_dtype)
+
     def to_uppercase(self) -> PandasLikeSeries:
         return self.with_native(self.native.str.upper())
 

narwhals/_polars/utils.py

@@ -341,6 +341,7 @@ def zfill(self, width: int) -> CompliantT: ...
     split: Method[CompliantT]
     to_date: Method[CompliantT]
     to_datetime: Method[CompliantT]
+    to_time: Method[CompliantT]
     to_lowercase: Method[CompliantT]
     to_uppercase: Method[CompliantT]
     pad_start: Method[CompliantT]

narwhals/_spark_like/expr_str.py

@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ def to_date(self, format: str | None) -> SparkLikeExpr:
             lambda expr: F.to_date(expr, format=strptime_to_pyspark_format(format))
         )
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None) -> SparkLikeExpr:
+        msg = "spark-like backends do not support the Time type"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
     def to_titlecase(self) -> SparkLikeExpr:
         impl = self.compliant._implementation
         sqlframe_required_version = (3, 43, 1)

narwhals/expr_str.py

@@ -406,6 +406,41 @@ def to_date(self, format: str | None = None) -> ExprT:
             ExprNode(ExprKind.ELEMENTWISE, "str.to_date", format=format)
         )
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None = None) -> ExprT:
+        """Convert to [`narwhals.dtypes.Time`][] dtype.
+
+        Warning:
+            As different backends auto-infer format in different ways, if `format=None`
+            there is no guarantee that the result will be equal.
+
+        Arguments:
+            format: Format to use for conversion. If set to None (default), the format is
+                inferred from the data.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> import polars as pl
+            >>> import narwhals as nw
+            >>> df_native = pl.DataFrame({"a": ["12:59:21", "18:42:12"]})
+            >>> df = nw.from_native(df_native)
+            >>> df.select(nw.col("a").str.to_time(format="%H:%M:%S"))
+            ┌──────────────────┐
+            |Narwhals DataFrame|
+            |------------------|
+            |  shape: (2, 1)   |
+            |  ┌──────────┐    |
+            |  │ a        │    |
+            |  │ ---      │    |
+            |  │ time     │    |
+            |  ╞══════════╡    |
+            |  │ 12:59:21 │    |
+            |  │ 18:42:12 │    |
+            |  └──────────┘    |
+            └──────────────────┘
+        """
+        return self._expr._append_node(
+            ExprNode(ExprKind.ELEMENTWISE, "str.to_time", format=format)
+        )
+
     def to_uppercase(self) -> ExprT:
         r"""Transform string to uppercase variant.
 

narwhals/series_str.py

@@ -399,6 +399,36 @@ def to_date(self, format: str | None = None) -> SeriesT:
             self._narwhals_series._compliant_series.str.to_date(format=format)
         )
 
+    def to_time(self, format: str | None = None) -> SeriesT:
+        """Convert to [`narwhals.dtypes.Time`][] dtype.
+
+        Warning:
+            As different backends auto-infer format in different ways, if `format=None`
+            there is no guarantee that the result will be equal.
+
+        Arguments:
+            format: Format to use for conversion. If set to None (default), the format is
+                inferred from the data.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> import polars as pl
+            >>> import narwhals as nw
+            >>> s_native = pl.Series(["12:59:21", "18:42:12"])
+            >>> s = nw.from_native(s_native, series_only=True)
+            >>> s.str.to_time(
+            ...     format="%H:%M:%S"
+            ... ).to_native()  # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
+            shape: (2,)
+            Series: '' [time]
+            [
+                12:59:21
+                18:42:12
+            ]
+        """
+        return self._narwhals_series._with_compliant(
+            self._narwhals_series._compliant_series.str.to_time(format=format)
+        )
+
     def to_titlecase(self) -> SeriesT:
         """Modify strings to their titlecase equivalent.
 

tests/expr_and_series/str/to_time_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import pytest
+
+import narwhals as nw
+from tests.utils import PANDAS_VERSION, POLARS_VERSION, PYARROW_VERSION
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tests.utils import Constructor, ConstructorEager
+
+data = {"a": ["12:34:56"]}
+
+
+def requires_time_support(
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest, constructor: Constructor | ConstructorEager
+) -> None:
+    """Enforce Time dtype test expectations for dataframe backends.
+
+    Skip or mark tests as expected failures depending on backend capabilities,
+    version, and pyarrow availability when testing Time dtype support.
+    """
+    if constructor.__name__.startswith(("pandas", "modin")):
+        if PANDAS_VERSION < (2, 2, 0):
+            pytest.skip(
+                "pandas < 2.2.0 has no pyarrow dtype support (and therefore does not support the Time dtype)"
+            )
+
+        if PYARROW_VERSION == (0, 0, 0):
+            pytest.skip("pandas requires pyarrow for the Time dtype")
+
+    if "pyspark" in str(constructor) or "dask" in str(constructor):
+        request.applymarker(
+            pytest.mark.xfail(reason="backend does not support Time dtype")
+        )
+
+
+def test_to_time(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, constructor: Constructor) -> None:
+    requires_time_support(request, constructor)
+
+    expected = "12:34:56"
+
+    result = (
+        nw.from_native(constructor(data))
+        .lazy()
+        .select(b=nw.col("a").str.to_time(format="%H:%M:%S"))
+        .collect()
+    )
+    assert isinstance(result.collect_schema()["b"], nw.Time)
+    assert str(result.item(row=0, column="b")) == expected
+
+
+def test_to_time_series(
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest, constructor_eager: ConstructorEager
+) -> None:
+    requires_time_support(request, constructor_eager)
+
+    expected = "12:34:56.000000000" if "cudf" in str(constructor_eager) else "12:34:56"
+    result = nw.from_native(constructor_eager(data), eager_only=True)["a"].str.to_time(
+        format="%H:%M:%S"
+    )
+
+    assert isinstance(result.dtype, nw.Time)
+    assert str(result.item(0)) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("data", "expected"),
+    [({"a": ["12:34:56"]}, "12:34:56"), ({"a": ["12:34"]}, "12:34:00")],
+)
+def test_to_time_infer_fmt(
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest,
+    constructor: Constructor,
+    data: dict[str, list[str]],
+    expected: str,
+) -> None:
+    requires_time_support(request, constructor)
+
+    if (
+        "polars" in str(constructor)
+        and POLARS_VERSION < (1, 30)
+        and data["a"][0].count(":") < 2
+    ):  # pragma: no cover
+        request.applymarker(
+            pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Polars<1.30 cannot auto-infer the HH:MM format")
+        )
+
+    result = (
+        nw.from_native(constructor(data))
+        .lazy()
+        .select(b=nw.col("a").str.to_time())
+        .collect()
+    )
+    assert str(result.item(row=0, column="b")) == expected
+    assert isinstance(result.collect_schema()["b"], nw.Time)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("data", "expected"),
+    [({"a": ["12:34:56"]}, "12:34:56"), ({"a": ["12:34"]}, "12:34:00")],
+)
+def test_to_time_series_infer_fmt(
+    request: pytest.FixtureRequest,
+    constructor_eager: ConstructorEager,
+    data: dict[str, list[str]],
+    expected: str,
+) -> None:
+    requires_time_support(request, constructor_eager)
+
+    if (
+        "polars" in str(constructor_eager)
+        and POLARS_VERSION < (1, 30)
+        and data["a"][0].count(":") < 2
+    ):  # pragma: no cover
+        request.applymarker(
+            pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Polars<1.30 cannot auto-infer the HH:MM format")
+        )
+
+    result = nw.from_native(constructor_eager(data), eager_only=True)["a"].str.to_time()
+    assert str(result.item(0)) == expected
+    assert isinstance(result.dtype, nw.Time)